Treatment of Hypogonadism: Current and Future Therapies

The treatment of hypogonadism in men is of great interest to both patients and providers. There are a number of testosterone formulations currently available and several additional formulations under development. In addition, there are some lesser-used alternative therapies for the management of male hypogonadism, which may have advantages for certain patient groups. The future of hypogonadism therapy may lie in the development of selective androgen receptor modulators that allow the benefits of androgens whilst minimizing unwanted side effects.

• Publication year

  2017

• Venue

  F1000Research

• Publication date

  2017-01-23

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.12688/f1000research.10102.1PMID 28149506PMCID 5265703
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Emerging medication for the treatment of male hypogonadism

  2016cited by this paper
• Effects of Transdermal Testosterone Gel or an Aromatase Inhibitor on Prostate Volume in Older Men.

  2016cited by this paper
• Natesto™, a novel testosterone nasal gel, normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men

  2016cited by this paper
• Effects of aromatase inhibition vs. testosterone in older men with low testosterone: randomized‐controlled trial

  2016cited by this paper
• An open‐label, phase 2, single centre, randomized, crossover design bioequivalence study of AndroForte 5 testosterone cream and Testogel 1% testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: study LP101

  2016cited by this paper
• Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacement

  2016cited by this paper
• Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of oligozoospermic or azoospermic men: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

  2016cited by this paper
• Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: advances and controversies.

  2015cited by this paper
• AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY POSITION STATEMENT ON THE ASSOCIATION OF TESTOSTERONE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK.

  2015cited by this paper
• Enclomiphene citrate stimulates testosterone production while preventing oligospermia: a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing topical testosterone.

  2014cited by this paper
• Gonadal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men.

  2013cited by this paper
• Words of wisdom. Re: Gonadal steroids and body composition, strength, and sexual function in men.

  2013cited by this paper
• Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA).

  2013cited by this paper
• Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm

  2013cited by this paper
• Endocrine management of male subfertility

  2013cited by this paper
• A multi-institutional observational study of testosterone levels after testosterone pellet (Testopel(®)) insertion.

  2012cited by this paper
• Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long‐term management of hypogonadism

  2012cited by this paper
• Reexamination of pharmacokinetics of oral testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men with a new self-emulsifying formulation.

  2012cited by this paper
• Dihydrotestosterone administration does not increase intraprostatic androgen concentrations or alter prostate androgen action in healthy men: a randomized-controlled trial.

  2011cited by this paper
• The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial

  2011cited by this paper
• Clomiphene citrate and testosterone gel replacement therapy for male hypogonadism: efficacy and treatment cost.

  2010cited by this paper
• Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

  2010cited by this paper
• Vertebral morphology in aromatase inhibitor–treated males with idiopathic short stature or constitutional delay of puberty

  2010cited by this paper
• Effects of aromatase inhibition on bone mineral density and bone turnover in older men with low testosterone levels.

  2009cited by this paper
• Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230.

  2008cited by this paper
• Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism.

  2008cited by this paper
• An orally active selective androgen receptor modulator is efficacious on bone, muscle, and sex function with reduced impact on prostate.

  2007cited by this paper
• Letrozole versus testosterone. a single-center pilot study of HIV-infected men who have sex with men on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with hypoactive sexual desire disorder and raised estradiol levels.

  2007cited by this paper
• Testosterone substitution with a new transdermal, hydroalcoholic gel applied to scrotal or non-scrotal skin: a multicentre trial.

  2005cited by this paper
• Clomiphene citrate effects on testosterone/estrogen ratio in male hypogonadism.

  2005cited by this paper
• Effect of aromatase inhibition on bone metabolism in elderly hypogonadal men

  2005cited by this paper
• Recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin but not dihydrotestosterone alone stimulates osteoblastic collagen synthesis in older men with partial age-related androgen deficiency.

  2004cited by this paper
• Risks of testosterone replacement therapy in ageing men

  2004cited by this paper
• New testosterone buccal system (Striant) delivers physiological testosterone levels: pharmacokinetics study in hypogonadal men.

  2004cited by this paper
• Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study.

  2002cited by this paper
• A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin on muscle strength and physical function and activity in older men with partial age-related androgen deficiency.

  2002cited by this paper
• A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial of transdermal dihydrotestosterone gel on muscular strength, mobility, and quality of life in older men with partial androgen deficiency.

  2001cited by this paper
• Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

  2001cited by this paper
• Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men.

  2000cited by this paper
• Effects of human recombinant luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in patients with acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: study of Sertoli and Leydig cell secretions and interactions.

  2000cited by this paper
• Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial.

  1997cited by this paper
• Contraceptive efficacy of testosterone-induced azoospermia in normal men. World Health Organization Task Force on methods for the regulation of male fertility.

  1990cited by this paper
• Gonadotropin therapy in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: the response to human chorionic gonadotropin is predicted by initial testicular size.

  1988cited by this paper
• Comparative pharmacokinetics of testosterone enanthate and testosterone cyclohexanecarboxylate as assessed by serum and salivary testosterone levels in normal men.

  1984cited by this paper
• Treatment of male hypogonadism with testosterone enanthate.

  1980cited by this paper
• Short- and long-term effects of clomiphene citrate on the pituitary-testicular axis.

  1971cited by this paper

• Discordance Between Online Information and Male Hypogonadism Clinical Guidelines: A Global Multilingual Content Analysis.

  2026cites this paper
• Easing the burden: exploring the role of long-acting testosterone formulations in gender-affirming care.

  2026cites this paper
• Clinician’s guide to the management of azoospermia induced by exogenous testosterone or anabolic–androgenic steroids

  2025cites this paper
• Long-Term Testosterone Shows Cardiovascular Safety in Men With Testosterone Deficiency in Electronic Health Records

  2025cites this paper
• Testosterone and men's health: An in‐depth exploration of their relationship

  2025cites this paper
• Advances in the understanding of androgen receptor structure and function and in the development of next-generation AR-targeted therapeutics.

  2024cites this paper
• The complex relation between obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy

  2023cites this paper
• A COMPARAÇÃO FARMACOCINÉTICA DE DIFERENTES FORMAS FARMACÊUTICAS DA TESTOSTERONA EM HOMENS

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of testosterone and exercise training on bone microstructure of rats

  2022cites this paper
• Zinc and Shell Flour as Innovative Natural Aromatase Blocker to Increase Testosterone Concentration

  2022cites this paper
• Comparison of Patterns of Use and Clinical Outcomes Between Injections of Testosterone Undecanoate and Testosterone Cypionate: An Electronic Health Record Cohort Study

  2022cites this paper
• Testosterone Therapy is Associated With Depression, Suicidality, and Intentional Self-Harm: Analysis of a National Federated Database.

  2022cites this paper
• Compounded bioidentical hormone products, a path forward.

  2021cites this paper
• Burden of Male Hypogonadism and Major Comorbidities, and the Clinical, Economic, and Humanistic Benefits of Testosterone Therapy: A Narrative Review

  2021cites this paper
• Insights into the Regulation on Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Leydig Cells

  2021cites this paper
• Management of hypopituitarism: a perspective from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism

  2021influential citation
• Herbal medicine use to treat andrological problems: Asian and Indian subcontinent: Ginkgo biloba, Curcuma longa, and Camellia sinensis

  2021cites this paper
• Testosterone as a Performance Enhancer

  2021cites this paper
• Smart design approaches for orally administered lipophilic prodrugs to promote lymphatic transport.

  2021cites this paper
• Treatment of Men with Central Hypogonadism: Alternatives for Testosterone Replacement Therapy

  2020cites this paper
• Exogenous testosterone replacement therapy versus raising endogenous testosterone levels: current and future prospects.

  2020cites this paper
• Controlled release of testosterone by polymer-polymer interaction enriched organogel as a novel transdermal drug delivery system: Effect of limonene/PG and carbon-chain length on drug permeability

  2020cites this paper
• Use of medicinal doses of zinc as a safe and efficient coadjutant in the treatment of male hypogonadism

  2019cites this paper
• Tracking research trends and hotspots in sperm DNA fragmentation testing for the evaluation of male infertility: a scientometric analysis

  2019cites this paper
• Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications.

  2019cites this paper
• Clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin are both effective in restoring testosterone in hypogonadism: a short‐course randomized study

  2018cites this paper
• Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into functional Leydig-like cells by SF-1, GATA4 and NGFI-B.

  2018cites this paper
• Secondary adrenal insufficiency and pituitary dysfunction in oral/transdermal opioid users with non-cancer pain.

  2018cites this paper
• Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men.

  2017cites this paper