Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats

Glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate can enhance growth performance and health in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in rat metabolism. Thirty rats were fed a control, glutamine, or N-carbamylglutamate diet for four weeks. Urine samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, specifically high-resolution 1H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate data analysis. Glutamine significantly increased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatinine, and methymalonate, and decreased the urine levels of ethanol and formate (p < 0.05). Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate significantly increased the urine levels of creatinine, ethanol, indoxyl sulfate, lactate, methymalonate, acetoacetate, m-hydroxyphenylacetate, and sarcosine, and decreased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatine, glycine, hippurate, homogentisate, N-acetylglutamate, phenylacetyglycine, acetone, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate (p < 0.05). Results suggested that glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate could modify urinary metabolome related to nitrogen metabolism and gut microbiota metabolism. Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate could alter energy and lipid metabolism. These findings indicate that different arginine precursors may lead to differences in the biofluid profile in rats.

• Publication year

  2016

• Venue

  Nutrients

• Publication date

  2016-08-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/nu8080478PMID 27527211PMCID 4997391
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Chemopreventive effects of Ku-jin tea against AOM-induced precancerous colorectal lesions in rats and metabolomic analysis

  2017cited by this paper
• Exposure Assessment of Acetamide in Milk, Beef, and Coffee Using Xanthydrol Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

  2017cited by this paper
• Changes in the metabolome of rats after exposure to arginine and N-carbamylglutamate in combination with diquat, a compound that causes oxidative stress, assessed by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

  2016cited by this paper
• N-Carbamylglutamate Is an Effective Treatment for Acute Neonatal Hyperammonaemia in a Patient with Methylmalonic Aciduria

  2016cited by this paper
• l-Glutamine deprivation induces autophagy and alters the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in porcine intestinal epithelial cells

  2014cited by this paper
• Pea Fiber and Wheat Bran Fiber Show Distinct Metabolic Profiles in Rats as Investigated by a 1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach

  2014cited by this paper
• Functional amino acids in nutrition and health

  2013cited by this paper
• Dietary N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation Boosts Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in Escherichia coli Challenged Piglets

  2013cited by this paper
• Regulation of protein turnover by L-glutamine in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.

  2012cited by this paper
• Response to dietary L-glutamine supplementation in weaned piglets: a serum metabolomic comparison and hepatic metabolic regulation analysis.

  2012cited by this paper
• N-Carbamylglutamate Enhances Pregnancy Outcome in Rats through Activation of the PI3K/PKB/mTOR Signaling Pathway

  2012cited by this paper
• HMDB 3.0—The Human Metabolome Database in 2013

  2012influential reference
• Is glutamine still an important precursor of citrulline?

  2011influential reference
• Glutamine restores myocardial cytochrome C oxidase activity and improves cardiac function during experimental sepsis.

  2011cited by this paper
• Triennial Growth Symposium: important roles for L-glutamine in swine nutrition and production.

  2011cited by this paper
• Glutamine protects against apoptosis via downregulation of Sp3 in intestinal epithelial cells.

  2010cited by this paper
• N-(2-hydroxy phenyl) acetamide inhibits inflammation-related cytokines and ROS in adjuvant-induced arthritic (AIA) rats.

  2010cited by this paper
• Dietary supplementation with l-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances intestinal growth and heat shock protein-70 expression in weanling pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet

  2010cited by this paper
• Gene expression is altered in piglet small intestine by weaning and dietary glutamine supplementation.

  2008cited by this paper
• Temporal metabonomic modeling of l-arginine-induced exocrine pancreatitis.

  2008cited by this paper
• Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets.

  2007cited by this paper
• AMINO ACIDS, ARGINASE AND NITRIC OXIDE IN VASCULAR HEALTH

  2006cited by this paper
• Evaluation of the orthogonal projection on latent structure model limitations caused by chemical shift variability and improved visualization of biomarker changes in 1H NMR spectroscopic metabonomic studies.

  2005cited by this paper
• A Special Fondness for Lactobacilli

  2004cited by this paper
• The Homogentisate Pathway: a Central Catabolic Pathway Involved in the Degradation of l-Phenylalanine, l-Tyrosine, and 3-Hydroxyphenylacetate in Pseudomonas putida

  2004cited by this paper
• Anti-Helicobacter pylori agents. An update.

  2004cited by this paper
• Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs.

  2004influential reference
• A Genomic View of the Human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Symbiosis

  2003cited by this paper
• The Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols and the Relevance to Circulating Levels of Conjugated Metabolites

  2002cited by this paper
• Glutamine and the bowel.

  2001cited by this paper
• Glutamine protects mitochondrial structure and function in oxygen toxicity.

  2001cited by this paper
• The effect of glucose and glutamine on the intracellular nucleotide pool and oxygen uptake rate of a murine hybridoma

  2000cited by this paper
• Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.

  1998cited by this paper
• Glutamine supplementation maintains intramuscular glutamine concentrations and normalizes lymphocyte function in infected early weaned pigs.

  1997cited by this paper
• Model validation by permutation tests: Applications to variable selection

  1996cited by this paper
• Metabolite profiling by one- and two-dimensional NMR analysis of complex mixtures

  1996cited by this paper
• 750 MHz 1H and 1H-13C NMR spectroscopy of human blood plasma.

  1995cited by this paper
• A new neonatal case ofN-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency treated by carbamylglutamate

  1995cited by this paper
• Regulation of Protein Turnover

  1989cited by this paper
• N-acetylglutamate and urea synthesis.

  1984cited by this paper
• THE RÔLE OF CARBAMYL-l-GLUTAMIC ACID IN THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CITRULLINE FROM ORNITHINE

  1950cited by this paper

• Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on arginine biosynthesis, metabolism, digestion and mTOR signaling pathway gene expression in Eriocheir sinensis.

  2025cites this paper
• Metabolomics combined with 16S rDNA revealed the effects of low protein diet on rumen microbiome structure, nitrogen utilization rate and differential metabolites in feces and urine of dairy cows.

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of Zinc (Zn) from Different Sources on Production Performance, Health Status, Antioxidant Properties and Immune Regulation of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on the modulation of microbiota and Th17/Treg immune response signaling pathway in piglets following lipopolysaccharide challenge.

  2024cites this paper
• Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplemention on the modulation of microbiota and Th17/Treg balance-related immune signaling after lipopolysaccharide challenge.

  2023cites this paper
• Impact of Nitisinone on the Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolome of a Murine Model of Alkaptonuria

  2022cites this paper
• Dietary supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate promotes growth performance by modulating the homeostasis of gut microbiota in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

  2021cites this paper
• Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profiles of Chinese Ningxiang Pigs Following Supplementation with N-Carbamylglutamate

  2020cites this paper
• Evaluation of the serum metabolome of patients with alkaptonuria before and after two years of treatment with nitisinone using LC‐QTOF‐MS

  2019cites this paper
• Exposure Assessment of Acetamide in Milk, Beef, and Coffee Using Xanthydrol Derivatization and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

  2017cites this paper
• Nuclear magnetic resonance‐ and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics to study maleic acid toxicity from repeated dose exposure in rats

  2017cites this paper
• Nuclear magnetic resonance‐ and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics to study maleic acid toxicity from repeated dose exposure in rats

  2017cites this paper
• Chemopreventive effects of Ku-jin tea against AOM-induced precancerous colorectal lesions in rats and metabolomic analysis

  2017cites this paper