Arousal and movement disorders

Abstract The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is involved in three processes that subserve all movement, and its dysregulation will affect the execution of those movements. The PPN participates in arousal and the maintenance of arousal, in preconscious awareness, and in modulating posture and locomotion. These processes allow the PPN to sustain the background of activity necessary for generating movement, so that disturbances in PPN function result in a number of devastating movement disorders. The involvement of the PPN in generating the mechanism behind the P50 potential, a requisite for responding to the environment, and in the readiness potential (RP) in advance of a voluntary movement are discussed. Abnormal P50 potential and RP manifestation are observed in such disorders as the Parkinson's and Huntington diseases. In addition, descending PPN projections to reticulospinal systems modulate posture and locomotion. For many reasons, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the PPN is an effective therapy for alleviating some of the symptoms seen in movement disorders. However, PPN DBS may in the future be useful in the treatment of disorders that involve gamma band dysregulation.

• Publication year

  2019

• Venue

  Arousal in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-817992-5.00011-8
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Bottom-up gamma maintenance in various disorders.

  2019cited by this paper
• Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus Area in Parkinson Disease: MRI-Based Anatomoclinical Correlations and Optimal Target

  2019cited by this paper
• Bottom-up gamma and stages of waking.

  2017cited by this paper
• LFP Oscillations in the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region during Voluntary Locomotion

  2017cited by this paper
• Arousal and the control of perception and movement.

  2016cited by this paper
• The primate pedunculopontine nucleus region: towards a dual role in locomotion and waking state

  2016cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine Nucleus Region Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: Surgical Anatomy and Terminology

  2016cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine Nucleus Region Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: Surgical Techniques, Side Effects, and Postoperative Imaging

  2016cited by this paper
• Implications of gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus

  2016cited by this paper
• Abnormal Electrophysiological Motor Responses in Huntington’s Disease: Evidence of Premanifest Compensation

  2015cited by this paper
• Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus

  2014cited by this paper
• Gamma band activity in the RAS-intracellular mechanisms

  2014cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine Nucleus Gamma Band Activity-Preconscious Awareness, Waking, and REM Sleep

  2014cited by this paper
• The readiness potential reflects intentional binding

  2014cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine Nucleus Area Oscillations during Stance, Stepping and Freezing in Parkinson’s Disease

  2013cited by this paper
• The Serendipity Case of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus Low-Frequency Brain Stimulation: Chasing a Gait Response, Finding Sleep, and Cognition Improvement

  2013cited by this paper
• Coherence and frequency in the reticular activating system (RAS).

  2013cited by this paper
• Spatiotemporal properties of high-speed calcium oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus.

  2013cited by this paper
• A spatiotemporal analysis of gait freezing and the impact of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation

  2012cited by this paper
• Mechanism behind gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus

  2011cited by this paper
• Graph properties of synchronized cortical networks during visual working memory maintenance

  2010cited by this paper
• Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson's disease.

  2010cited by this paper
• Cholinergic mesencephalic neurons are involved in gait and postural disorders in Parkinson disease.

  2010cited by this paper
• Non-motor functions in parkinsonian patients implanted in the pedunculopontine nucleus: focus on sleep and cognitive domains.

  2010cited by this paper
• Gamma band unit activity and population responses in the pedunculopontine nucleus.

  2010cited by this paper
• The impact of low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus region on reaction time in parkinsonism

  2010cited by this paper
• Unilateral pedunculopontine stimulation improves falls in Parkinson's disease.

  2010cited by this paper
• The Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus

  2009cited by this paper
• Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming.

  2009cited by this paper
• Greater frontal-parietal synchrony at low gamma-band frequencies for inefficient than efficient visual search in human EEG.

  2009cited by this paper
• Magnetic sources of the M50 response are localized to frontal cortex.

  2008cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine nucleus microelectrode recordings in movement disorder patients

  2008cited by this paper
• Stereotactic localization of the human pedunculopontine nucleus: atlas-based coordinates and validation of a magnetic resonance imaging protocol for direct localization.

  2008cited by this paper
• Stereotactic surgery of nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontini

  2008cited by this paper
• Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson's disease.

  2007cited by this paper
• Induction of long-lasting depolarization in medioventral medulla neurons by cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine nucleus.

  2005cited by this paper
• Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson's disease

  2005cited by this paper
• The midlatency auditory evoked potential P50 is abnormal in Huntington's disease.

  2003cited by this paper
• Basal ganglia efferents to the brainstem centers controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion: a new concept for understanding motor disorders in basal ganglia dysfunction.

  2003cited by this paper
• Temporal binding via cortical coincidence detection of specific and nonspecific thalamocortical inputs: A voltage-dependent dye-imaging study in mouse brain slices

  2002cited by this paper
• Pedunculopontine stimulation induces prolonged activation of pontine reticular neurons.

  2001cited by this paper
• What is the significance of gamma wave activity in the pyriform cortex?

  2000cited by this paper
• Are neocortical gamma waves related to consciousness?

  2000cited by this paper
• Cellular Substrates of Oscillations in Corticothalamic Systems During States of Vigilance

  1998cited by this paper
• Disinhibition of the sleep state-dependent p1 potential in Parkinson's disease-improvement after pallidotomy.

  1998cited by this paper
• Decreased habituation of midlatency auditory evoked responses in parkinson's disease

  1997cited by this paper
• The pedunculopontine nucleus--auditory input, arousal and pathophysiology.

  1995cited by this paper
• The P1: insights into attention and arousal.

  1994cited by this paper
• Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning.

  1993cited by this paper
• Midlatency auditory evoked responses: P1 abnormalities in adult autistic subjects.

  1992cited by this paper
• Of dreaming and wakefulness.

  1991cited by this paper
• The pedunculopontine nucleus.

  1991cited by this paper
• In vitro neurons in mammalian cortical layer 4 exhibit intrinsic oscillatory activity in the 10-to 50-Hz frequency range

  1991cited by this paper
• Different cellular types in mesopontine cholinergic nuclei related to ponto-geniculo-occipital waves

  1990cited by this paper
• The preconscious and potential space.

  1990cited by this paper
• Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex.

  1989cited by this paper
• Midlatency auditory evoked responses: differential abnormality of P1 in Alzheimer's disease.

  1989cited by this paper
• The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay.

  1988cited by this paper
• Modulation of rhythmic function in the posterior midbrain.

  1988cited by this paper
• Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex?

  1988cited by this paper
• Locomotion-inducing sites in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine nucleus.

  1987cited by this paper
• Readiness potential of cortical area 6 preceding self paced movement in Parkinson's disease.

  1987cited by this paper
• The basal ganglia and the locomotor regions.

  1986cited by this paper
• Chemical activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region.

  1985cited by this paper
• Activity in the mesencephalic locomotor region during locomotion.

  1983cited by this paper
• Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory

  1976cited by this paper
• Neglect after mesencephalic reticular formation lesions

  1974cited by this paper
• A modified concept of consciousness.

  1969cited by this paper
• [Control of walking and running by means of electric stimulation of the midbrain].

  1966cited by this paper
• Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale

  1965cited by this paper
• Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG.

  1949cited by this paper

• Single-neuron projectomes of mouse paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus oxytocin neurons reveal mutually exclusive projection patterns.

  2024cites this paper
• Vestibular semicircular canal function as detected by video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) is essentially unchanged in people with Parkinson’s disease compared to healthy controls

  2021cites this paper