Parenting Styles and Their Effects

Abstract Over 40 years ago, researchers identified four main types of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent. We describe characteristics of each parenting style and its association with children's development. Little research attempts to link parenting styles and early parent-child relationship dynamics. As such, we include considerations of parenting unique to infancy and early childhood. We examine variations in the effects of parenting styles across cultures. We close with emerging research looking at greater heterogeneity in quantity and quality of parenting and child outcomes in more diverse family structures and across a broader span of development.

• Publication year

  2020

• Venue

  Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Sociology, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23611-0
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Parenting Toddlers

  2019cited by this paper
• Long-Term Sequelae of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Mind-Mindedness in Infancy: A Developmental Path to Children’s Attachment at Age 10

  2019cited by this paper
• Same-Sex Parents and Children’s School Progress: An Association That Disappeared Over Time

  2019cited by this paper
• Do the Associations of Parenting Styles With Behavior Problems and Academic Achievement Vary by Culture? Results From a Meta-Analysis

  2018cited by this paper
• Parenting and the Adjustment of Children Born to Gay Fathers Through Surrogacy

  2017cited by this paper
• An examination of dropout rates for Hispanic or Latino students enrolled in online K-12 schools

  2017cited by this paper
• Do Young Children's Representations of Discipline and Empathy Moderate the Effects of Punishment on Emotion Regulation?

  2016cited by this paper
• Associations of Parenting Styles and Dimensions with Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis

  2016cited by this paper
• Maternal and Paternal Parenting Style Patterns and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Outcomes

  2014cited by this paper
• Familismo in Mexican and Dominican Families From Low-Income,Urban Communities

  2013cited by this paper
• Latino Adolescents' Community Violence Exposure: After-school Activities and Familismo as Risk and Protective Factors

  2013cited by this paper
• Does "Tiger Parenting" Exist? Parenting Profiles of Chinese Americans and Adolescent Developmental Outcomes.

  2013cited by this paper
• Maternal Mind-Mindedness and Children’s Behavioral Difficulties: Mitigating the Impact of Low Socioeconomic Status

  2013cited by this paper
• The Father-Child Activation Relationship, Sex Differences, and Attachment Disorganization in Toddlerhood

  2013cited by this paper
• Predictors of psychological adjustment in early placed adopted children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents.

  2013cited by this paper
• Parenting Infants

  2013cited by this paper
• Deconstructing the myth of the "tiger mother": An introduction to the special issue on tiger parenting, Asian-heritage families, and child/adolescent well-being

  2013cited by this paper
• Homoparentalité et développement de l’enfant : données actuelles

  2012cited by this paper
• Unequal in Opportunity, Equal in Process: Parental Sensitivity Promotes Positive Child Development in Ethnic Minority Families

  2012cited by this paper
• Modeling maternal emotion-related socialization behaviors in a low-income sample: Relations with toddlers’ self-regulation

  2012cited by this paper
• Intergenerational Continuity of Child Abuse Among Adolescent Mothers

  2012cited by this paper
• Bowlby's “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”

  2012cited by this paper
• Temperament and parenting in developmental perspective.

  2012cited by this paper
• Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and associations with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors

  2012cited by this paper
• African-American Parenting Characteristics and Their Association With Children’s Cognitive and Academic School Readiness

  2012cited by this paper
• Parental Reasoning, Denying Privileges, Yelling, and Spanking: Ethnic Differences and Associations with Child Externalizing Behavior

  2012cited by this paper
• The Early Development of the Autonomic Nervous System Provides a Neural Platform for Social Behavior: A Polyvagal Perspective.

  2011cited by this paper
• Honoring Children, Making Relatives: The Cultural Translation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for American Indian and Alaska Native Families

  2011cited by this paper
• Parent discipline practices in an international sample: associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness.

  2010cited by this paper
• The Nature (and Nurture?) of Plasticity in Early Human Development

  2009cited by this paper
• Effects of parental supportiveness on toddlers' emotion regulation over the first three years of life in a low-income African American sample.

  2009cited by this paper
• Parental Involvement, Familismo, and Academic Performance in Hispanic and Caucasian Adolescents

  2009cited by this paper
• Patterns of Attachment

  2008cited by this paper
• Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children's adjustment in first grade.

  2008cited by this paper
• Doing Well vs. Feeling Well: Understanding Family Dynamics and the Psychological Adjustment of Chinese Immigrant Adolescents

  2008cited by this paper
• From Moral Supporters to Struggling Advocates

  2007cited by this paper
• For Better and For Worse

  2007cited by this paper
• Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles

  2007cited by this paper
• Linking Mother–Father Differences in Parenting to a Typology of Family Parenting Styles and Adolescent Outcomes

  2007cited by this paper
• Perceived Family Support, Acculturation, and Life Satisfaction in Mexican American Youth: A Mixed- Methods Exploration

  2006cited by this paper
• Parental control in Latino families: an integrated review of the literature.

  2006cited by this paper
• Early parenting and children's relational and physical aggression in the preschool and home contexts

  2006cited by this paper
• Intergenerational cultural conflicts in norms of parental warmth among Chinese American immigrants

  2005cited by this paper
• Parenting of Asians.

  2002cited by this paper
• Parenting in Native American families.

  2001cited by this paper
• Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health

  2001cited by this paper
• TOWARD AN INTERPERSONAL NEUROBIOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPING MIND: ATTACHMENT RELATIONSHIPS, "MINDSIGHT," AND NEURAL INTEGRATION

  2001cited by this paper
• Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes.

  2000cited by this paper
• Mothers' personality and its interaction with child temperament as predictors of parenting behavior.

  2000cited by this paper
• Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training.

  1994cited by this paper
• Family factors related to children's intrinsic/extrinsic motivational orientation and academic performance.

  1993cited by this paper
• Parenting Style as Context: An Integrative Model

  1993cited by this paper
• The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use

  1991cited by this paper
• Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families.

  1991cited by this paper
• Socialization In The Context Of The Family: Parent-Child Interaction

  1983cited by this paper
• Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.

  1967cited by this paper
• Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls.

  1967cited by this paper
• EFFECTS OF AUTHORITATIVE PARENTAL CONTROL ON CHILD BEHAVIOR

  1966cited by this paper

• Parenting styles in caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and effects of service dogs

  2024cites this paper