Abstract Systems at the surface of the Earth are continually responding to energy inputs derived from solar radiation or from the radiogenic heat in the interior. These energy inputs drive plate movements and erosion, exposing metastable mineral phases at the surface and, in addition, these energy fluxes are harvested and transformed by living organisms. As long as these processes persist, chemical disequilibrium at the surface of the Earth will be perpetuated. Chemical disequilibrium is also driven by human activities related to production of food, extraction of water and energy resources, and burial of wastes. To understand how the surface of the Earth will change over time, it is necessary to understand the rates at which reactions occur and the chemical feedbacks that relate these reactions across extreme temporal and spatial scales. This book addresses fundamental and applied questions concerning the rates of water-rock interactions driven by tectonic, climatic, and anthropogenic forces. In particular, this chapter presents the current understanding the thermodynamics of water through an understanding of hydrogen bonding in liquid water.
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2020
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Geology, Physics, Environmental Science
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