Tables of Toxicity of Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins

Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins are the most poisonous substances known, so much so as to be considered for a possible terrorist use. At the same time, botulinum neurotoxin type A1 is successfully used to treat a variety of human syndromes characterized by hyperactive cholinergic nerve terminals. The extreme toxicity of these neurotoxins is due to their neurospecificity and to their metalloprotease activity, which results in the deadly paralysis of tetanus and botulism. Recently, many novel botulinum neurotoxins and some botulinum-like toxins have been discovered. This large number of toxins differs in terms of toxicity and biological activity, providing a potential goldmine for novel therapeutics and for new molecular tools to dissect vesicular trafficking, fusion, and exocytosis. The scattered data on toxicity present in the literature require a systematic organization to be usable by scientists and clinicians. We have assembled here the data available in the literature on the toxicity of these toxins in different animal species. The internal comparison of these data provides insights on the biological activity of these toxins.

• Publication year

  2019

• Venue

  Toxins

• Publication date

  2019-11-22

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/toxins11120686PMID 31771110PMCID 6950492
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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  2019cited by this paper
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  2019cited by this paper
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  2019cited by this paper
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  2019cited by this paper
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  2019cited by this paper
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  2018cited by this paper
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  2018cited by this paper
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  2018cited by this paper
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  2017influential reference
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  2017cited by this paper
• Therapeutic efficacy of equine botulism antitoxin in Rhesus macaques

  2017cited by this paper
• Comparative pathogenomics of Clostridium tetani

  2017cited by this paper
• Purification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin FA from a Genetically Modified Clostridium botulinum Strain

  2016cited by this paper
• In vitro potency determination of botulinum neurotoxin B based on its receptor-binding and proteolytic characteristics.

  2016cited by this paper
• Immunological Characterization and Neutralizing Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Type H

  2016cited by this paper
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  2016cited by this paper
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  2016cited by this paper
• Activity of botulinum neurotoxin type D (strain 1873) in human neurons.

  2015cited by this paper
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  2015cited by this paper
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  2015cited by this paper
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  2015cited by this paper
• Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Glabellar Lines: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trials

  2015cited by this paper
• High-resolution crystal structure of HA33 of botulinum neurotoxin type B progenitor toxin complex.

  2014cited by this paper
• Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights

  2014influential reference
• Widespread Sequence Variations in VAMP1 across Vertebrates Suggest a Potential Selective Pressure from Botulinum Neurotoxins

  2014cited by this paper
• Structure of a Bimodular Botulinum Neurotoxin Complex Provides Insights into Its Oral Toxicity

  2013cited by this paper
• Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Subtypes 1 Through 5 by Investigation of Activities in Mice, in Neuronal Cell Cultures, and In Vitro

  2013cited by this paper
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  2013cited by this paper
• The life history of a botulinum toxin molecule.

  2013cited by this paper
• Neutralisation of specific surface carboxylates speeds up translocation of botulinum neurotoxin type B enzymatic domain

  2013cited by this paper
• Comparison of the catalytic properties of the botulinum neurotoxin subtypes A1 and A5.

  2013cited by this paper
• Determination of the median lethal dose of botulinum serotype E in channel catfish fingerlings.

  2012cited by this paper
• Purification and Characterization of a Novel Subtype A3 Botulinum Neurotoxin

  2012cited by this paper
• Purification, Modeling, and Analysis of Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype A5 (BoNT/A5) from Clostridium botulinum Strain A661222

  2011cited by this paper
• Comparison of oral toxicological properties of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B.

  2011cited by this paper
• Comparison of effects of botulinum toxin subtype A1 and A2 using twitch tension assay and rat grip strength test.

  2011cited by this paper
• Biosecurity. Panel selects most dangerous select agents.

  2011cited by this paper
• Molecular diversity of the two sugar-binding sites of the β-trefoil lectin HA33/C (HA1) from Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin.

  2011cited by this paper
• Botulinum neurotoxin subtype A2 enters neuronal cells faster than subtype A1

  2011cited by this paper
• Recombinant derivatives of botulinum neurotoxin A engineered for trafficking studies and neuronal delivery.

  2010cited by this paper
• Characterization of the D/C mosaic neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum associated with bovine botulism in Japan.

  2010cited by this paper
• Inhalational Botulism in Rhesus Macaques Exposed to Botulinum Neurotoxin Complex Serotypes A1 and B1

  2010cited by this paper
• Clinical Recovery and Circulating Botulinum Toxin Type F in Adult Patient

  2009cited by this paper
• Measurement of botulinum types A, B and E neurotoxicity using the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm: improved precision with in-bred mice.

  2009cited by this paper
• Botulismus

  2008cited by this paper
• Effects of purification on the bioavailability of botulinum neurotoxin type A.

  2008cited by this paper
• Neuromuscular paralysis and recovery in mice injected with botulinum neurotoxins A and C

  2007cited by this paper
• Binding of Clostridium botulinum Type C and D Neurotoxins to Ganglioside and Phospholipid

  2005cited by this paper
• Evaluation of Lateral-Flow Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Detection Kits for Food Analysis

  2005cited by this paper
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  2004cited by this paper
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  2004cited by this paper
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  2001cited by this paper
• Antibody mapping to domains of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A in the complexed and uncomplexed forms

  1997cited by this paper
• Therapeutic botulinum type A toxin: factors affecting potency.

  1996cited by this paper
• Type C Botulism in Turkeys: Determination of the Median Toxic Dose

  1994cited by this paper
• Potency equivalence of botulinum toxin preparations.

  1994cited by this paper
• Botulinum G neurotoxin cleaves VAMP/synaptobrevin at a single Ala-Ala peptide bond.

  1994cited by this paper
• Neurotransmission and secretion

  1993cited by this paper
• Systemic toxicity of botulinum toxin by intramuscular injection in the monkey

  1988cited by this paper
• Oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum type A and B toxins from different strains

  1984cited by this paper
• Clostridium botulinum toxins.

  1982cited by this paper
• Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts

  1982cited by this paper
• Toxicities of Clostridium botulinum Type C Toxins of Different Molecular Sizes in Geese

  1981cited by this paper
• Oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum type C and D toxins of different molecular sizes

  1980cited by this paper
• Oral toxicities of Clostridium botulinum toxins in response to molecular size

  1977cited by this paper
• The effect of tetanus toxin in the goldfish

  1971cited by this paper
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  1969cited by this paper
• Studies on tetanus toxin and toxoid. I. Isolation of tetanus toxin using DEAE-cellulose.

  1967cited by this paper
• Statistical analysis of a rapid in vivo method for the titration of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum

  1966cited by this paper
• Clostridium Botulinum Type F with Recent Observations on Other Types

  1961cited by this paper
• The action of tetanus toxin in frogs.

  1961cited by this paper
• Toxicity of Bacterial Exotoxins by the Oral Route

  1960cited by this paper
• The neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani.

  1955cited by this paper
• Nerve Trunks as Pathways in Infection

  1953cited by this paper
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  1953cited by this paper
• New investigations on botulinism and its five toxic types

  1953cited by this paper
• The effect of the injection of tetanus toxin into the central nervous system of rabbits.

  1953cited by this paper
• High Toxicity of Pure Botulinum Type D Toxin

  1950cited by this paper
• The action of botulinum toxin on the neuro‐muscular junction

  1949cited by this paper
• Botulism

  1949cited by this paper
• The Isolation of Type B Botulinum Toxin

  1947cited by this paper
• Studies on Tetanal Toxin. I. Qualitative Differences among Various Toxins revealed by Bioassays in Different Species and by Different Routes of Injection.

  1943cited by this paper
• The Reaction of “Tetanus-Sensitive” and “Tetanus-Resistant” Animals to the Injection of Tetanal Toxin into the Spinal Cord

  1939cited by this paper
• The Relation between “Grass Disease” of Horses and Botulism

  1929cited by this paper
• Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Enteric botulinum neurotoxins facilitate infection by Salmonella and Shigella.

  2026cites this paper
• Botulinum Neurotoxins: History, Mechanism, and Applications. A Narrative Review

  2025cites this paper
• Equine botulism

  2025cites this paper
• The Role of a Conserved Arg-Asp Pair in the Structure and Function of Tetanus Neurotoxin

  2025cites this paper
• A modified single-domain antibody candidate for the treatment of botulism caused by botulinum toxin type A

  2025cites this paper
• Cryo-EM structure of the botulinum neurotoxin A/SV2B complex and its implications for translocation

  2025cites this paper
• Recombinant expression of receptor binding domains of all eight subtypes of botulinum neurotoxin type A for generation of antitoxins with broad reactivity

  2025cites this paper
• Microfluidic Nanobiosensor Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

  2025cites this paper
• Proteolytic Activities and Immunological Effects of Light Chains of Botulinum Neurotoxin A1, A2 and A3 Subtypes

  2025cites this paper
• Gut mucin fucosylation dictates the entry of botulinum toxin complexes

  2025cites this paper
• Therapeutic Modulation of the Nox2–Hv1–ROS Axis by Botulinum Neurotoxin A Confers Protection Against CoCl2-Induced Retinal Hypoxic Injury

  2025cites this paper
• Gut mucin fucosylation dictates the entry of botulinum toxin complexes

  2025cites this paper
• Intrathecal monovalent fragments from two human monoclonal antibodies block tetanus neurotoxin in rodents

  2025cites this paper
• Preventive Effects of Botulinum Neurotoxin Long-Term Therapy: Comparison of the ‘Experienced’ Benefits and ‘Suspected’ Worsening Across Disease Entities

  2025cites this paper
• Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A inhibited ocular angiogenesis through modulating glial activation via SOCS3

  2024cites this paper
• The Biological Properties of Bacterial Toxins

  2024cites this paper
• Local tetanus begins with a VAMP cleavage-associated neuromuscular junction paralysis around the site of tetanus neurotoxin release.

  2024cites this paper
• Design and evaluation of mRNA encoding recombinant neutralizing antibodies for botulinum neurotoxin type B intoxication prophylaxis

  2024cites this paper
• Structures of native SV2A reveal the binding mode for tetanus neurotoxin and anti-epileptic racetams

  2024cites this paper
• Isolation and characterization of Hc-targeting chimeric heavy chain antibodies neutralizing botulinum neurotoxin type B

  2024cites this paper
• Botulinum neurotoxin X lacks potency in mice and in human neurons

  2024influential citation
• Analysis of Breast Milk Samples in Lactating Women After Undergoing Botulinum Toxin Injections for Facial Rejuvenation: A Pilot Study

  2024influential citation
• Expression of Recombinant Clostridial Neurotoxin by C. tetani

  2024influential citation
• [Infant botulism: an underestimated problem. A review].

  2024cites this paper
• Are We Missing Something About the Maximum Dosing of Botulinum Toxin Type A1 in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Spasticity?

  2024cites this paper
• Stable Convergent Polyneuronal Innervation and Altered Synapse Elimination in Orbicularis oculi Muscles from Patients with Blepharospasm Responding Poorly to Recurrent Botulinum Type-A Neurotoxin Injections

  2024cites this paper
• Development of a Structure-Switching Aptamer for Sensitive Colorimetric Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin

  2024influential citation
• Excitation–contraction coupling inhibitors potentiate the actions of botulinum neurotoxin type A at the neuromuscular junction

  2024cites this paper
• New Engineered‐Chimeric Botulinum Neurotoxin Mutant Acts as an Effective Bivalent Vaccine Against Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A and E

  2024cites this paper
• Neurotoxin-Derived Optical Probes for Elucidating Molecular and Developmental Biology of Neurons and Synaptic Connections

  2024cites this paper
• Novel platform for engineering stable and effective vaccines against botulinum neurotoxins A, B and E

  2024cites this paper
• SV2A controls the surface nanoclustering and endocytic recruitment of Syt1 during synaptic vesicle recycling

  2024cites this paper
• Clinical findings and outcome in feline tetanus: a multicentric retrospective study of 27 cases and review of the literature

  2024influential citation
• Characterization of neutralizing chimeric heavy-chain antibodies against tetanus toxin

  2024cites this paper
• A human bispecific antibody neutralizes botulinum neurotoxin serotype A

  2023cites this paper
• Structural basis of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A1 binding to human SV2A or SV2C receptors.

  2023cites this paper
• Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update

  2023cites this paper
• Drugs as Chemical Weapons: Past and Perspectives

  2023cites this paper
• Distribution of Cleaved SNAP-25 in the Rat Brain, following Unilateral Injection of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A into the Striatum

  2023cites this paper
• Biological and Immunological Characterization of a Functional L-HN Derivative of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype F

  2023influential citation
• Characterization of a novel tetravalent botulism antitoxin based on receptor-binding domain of BoNTs

  2023cites this paper
• Botulinum toxin infusion into the mesenteric artery has selective action on peristalsis in a rat model: experimental research.

  2023cites this paper
• Facial neuromuscular junctions and brainstem nuclei are the target of tetanus neurotoxin in cephalic tetanus

  2023cites this paper
• Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium botulinum

  2023cites this paper
• Presynaptic targeting of botulinum neurotoxin type A requires a tripartite PSG‐Syt1‐SV2 plasma membrane nanocluster for synaptic vesicle entry

  2023cites this paper
• Risk assessment and bioburden evaluation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient protein expression in plants using the CaMV35S promoter

  2023cites this paper
• Identification of a botulinum neurotoxin-like gene cluster in Bacillus toyonensis

  2023cites this paper
• Rivastigmine ameliorates botulinum-induced hippocampal damage and spatial memory impairment in male rats.

  2023cites this paper
• Vaccination in post-tuberculosis lung disease management: A review of the evidence.

  2023cites this paper
• Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines

  2023influential citation
• Report on Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia

  2023cites this paper
• Tetanus toxin and botulinum neurotoxin–derived fusion molecules are effective bivalent vaccines

  2023influential citation
• Immunogenicity and immunoprotection of the functional TL-HN fragment derived from tetanus toxin.

  2023cites this paper
• “Pseudo”-Secondary Treatment Failure Explained via Disease Progression and Effective Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Pilot Simulation Study

  2023cites this paper
• Retrospective study of tetanus in 18 dogs—Causes, management, complications, and immunological status

  2023cites this paper
• Beyond neuromuscular activity: Botulinum toxin type a exerts direct central action on spinal control of movement.

  2023cites this paper
• First-in-Human Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses of NTM-1633, a Novel Mixture of Monoclonal Antibodies against Botulinum Toxin E

  2022cites this paper
• Dual-Toxin ("Bivalent") Infant Botulism in California, 1976-2020: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Aspects.

  2022cites this paper
• Genomic Diversity, Competition, and Toxin Production by Group I and II Clostridium botulinum Strains Used in Food Challenge Studies

  2022influential citation
• Lasting Peripheral and Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin Type A on Experimental Muscle Hypertonia in Rats

  2022cites this paper
• Electroencephalography of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in a dog with generalized tetanus

  2022cites this paper
• Temporary Botulinum Immobilization of Residuum Muscles for Facilitation of the Initial Ingrowth of Skin to the Porous Skin and Bone Integrated Pylon in the Technology of Direct Skeletal Attachment: Large Animal Model

  2022cites this paper
• Functional EL-HN Fragment as a Potent Candidate Vaccine for the Prevention of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype E

  2022cites this paper
• BOTULINUM TOXIN, TREATMENT OPTION FOR NEUROGENIC DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY

  2022cites this paper
• Structural Features of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype A2 Cell Binding Domain

  2022cites this paper
• Development and evaluation of a tetravalent botulinum vaccine

  2022cites this paper
• Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody

  2022cites this paper
• Toxicology and pharmacology of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins: an update

  2022influential citation
• Human-Relevant Sensitivity of iPSC-Derived Human Motor Neurons to BoNT/A1 and B1

  2021cites this paper
• Closed Genome Sequence of Clostridium botulinum Strain IBCA10-7060 Type Bh

  2021cites this paper
• Enhanced Effect of Botulinum Toxin A Injections into the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle after Local Mechanical Leg Vibration: A Case Report

  2021cites this paper
• Extremely potent Human Monoclonal Antibodies for the Prophylaxis and Therapy of Tetanus

  2021cites this paper
• Clostridia in Insect Processed Animal Proteins—Is an Epidemiological Problem Possible?

  2021cites this paper
• Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of NTM-1632, a Novel Mixture of Three Monoclonal Antibodies against Botulinum Toxin B

  2021cites this paper
• Tetanus and tetanus neurotoxin: From peripheral uptake to central nervous tissue targets

  2021cites this paper
• Paper-based electrochemical peptide sensor for on-site detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A and C.

  2021cites this paper
• Recombinant L-HN Fusion Antigen Derived from the L and HN Domains of Botulinum Neurotoxin B Stimulates a Protective Antibody Response Against Active Neurotoxin

  2021cites this paper
• Discovery of Dipeptides as Potent Botulinum Neurotoxin A Light-Chain Inhibitors.

  2021cites this paper
• A Monoclonal Antibody Combination against both Serotypes A and B Botulinum Toxin Prevents Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model

  2021cites this paper
• Delivery of single-domain antibodies into neurons using a chimeric toxin–based platform is therapeutic in mouse models of botulism

  2021cites this paper
• Neuronal delivery of antibodies has therapeutic effects in animal models of botulism

  2021cites this paper
• Structural Analysis of Botulinum Neurotoxins Type B and E by Cryo-EM

  2021cites this paper
• Light Chain Role in Action of Botulinum Toxins/Clostridial Neurotoxins

  2021cites this paper
• Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors That Prevent the Neuroparalysis of Tetanus Neurotoxin

  2021cites this paper
• Intramuscular tetanus neurotoxin reverses muscle atrophy: a randomized controlled trial in dogs with spinal cord injury

  2021cites this paper
• Exceptionally potent human monoclonal antibodies are effective for prophylaxis and therapy of tetanus in mice.

  2021cites this paper
• Spectroscopic evidence of tetanus toxin translocation domain bilayer-induced refolding and insertion.

  2021cites this paper
• Engineering an Effective Human SNAP-23 Cleaving Botulinum Neurotoxin A Variant

  2020cites this paper
• Tetanus in Animals — Summary of Knowledge

  2020cites this paper
• Neurochemical and Neurobiological Weapons.

  2020cites this paper
• Two VHH Antibodies Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin E1 by Blocking Its Membrane Translocation in Host Cells

  2020cites this paper
• Botulinum Neurotoxins: Mechanism of Action.

  2020cites this paper
• Evaluation of a recombinant tetanus toxin subunit vaccine.

  2020cites this paper
• Botulinum Neurotoxins

  2020cites this paper
• The Extreme Ends of the Treatment Response Spectrum to Botulinum Toxin in Cervical Dystonia

  2020influential citation
• Molecular Structure and Mechanisms of Action of Botulinum Neurotoxins

  2020cites this paper