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Dynamics of endoreduplication in developing barley seeds.

A. Nowicka,M. Kovacik,Barbara Tokarz,J. Vrána,Yueqi Zhang,D. Weigt,J. Doležel,A. Pečinka

Published 2020 in Journal of Experimental Botany

ABSTRACT

Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds with the largest part formed by endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated the dynamics of DNA amount changes of the three major seed tissues from the time of pollination until dry seed. We show that cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments. After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in endosperm and seed maternal tissues. Using different barley cultivars we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process. During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm. This is accompanied by reduced stability of nuclear genome, progressive loss of cell viability and finally programmed cell death. In summary, our study shows, that endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame the barley grain development.

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