Evaluation of therapeutic potential of selected antifungal chemicals and drugs against Aphanomyces invadans

Abstract Infection with Aphanomyces invadans is a serious disease affecting freshwater and brackishwater fish. Even after 50 years of its first occurrence, to date, there is no effective treatment for this disease. To develop an effective treatment against this disease, in the current study, we have evaluated the potential of six commonly used chemicals and drugs with known antifungal properties against different life-stages (zoospore production, germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae) of A. invadans. The chemicals namely formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) and drugs including amphotericin B and fluconazole were evaluated in a dose-dependent manner (0.1, 1.0, 5, 10 and 100 ppm) under in vitro conditions. Out of the chemicals tested, formalin could completely inhibit zoospore production and significantly inhibit germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae at 10 ppm, however, complete inhibition of zoospore germination and growth of hyphae could only be observed at 100 ppm. In the case of H2O2, there was significant inhibition of germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae at the highest concentration of 100 ppm, but it could not completely inhibit zoospore production, germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae. KMnO4 at the highest tested concentration (100 ppm), completely inhibited zoospore production and significantly inhibited germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae. Na2S2O3 was found to be ineffective against all the three life-stages of A. invadans even at the highest tested concentration of 100 ppm. Out of the two antifungal drugs, fluconazole could reduce the germination of zoospores and growth of hyphae significantly at a dose of 1 ppm. On the other hand, in the case of amphotericin B, significant inhibition of germination of zoospores and growth of hypahe was observed only at 100 ppm. Both drugs completely inhibited zoospore production only at 100 ppm. From the findings of the present study, it can be inferred that out of the six compounds, formalin and fluconazole have better anti-oomycete effects under in vitro conditions. The information generated would serve as a basis for developing treatment measures against infection with A. invadans in aquaculture ponds.

• Publication year

  2020

• Venue

  Aquaculture

• Publication date

  2020-12-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735643
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Epizootics of epizootic ulcerative syndrome among estuarine fishes of Kerala, India, under post-flood conditions.

  2020cited by this paper
• Impacts of epizootic ulcerative syndrome on subsistence fisheries and wildlife.

  2019cited by this paper
• Epizootic ulcerative syndrome – First report of evidence from South Africa's largest and premier conservation area, the Kruger National Park

  2019cited by this paper
• Efficacy and safety of boric acid as a preventive treatment against Saprolegnia infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

  2019cited by this paper
• Aphanomyces invadans, the causal agent of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome, is a global threat to wild and farmed fish

  2018cited by this paper
• Effect of immunization of rohu Labeo rohita with inactivated germinated zoospores in providing protection against Aphanomyces invadans

  2018cited by this paper
• Emergence of infection with Aphanomyces invadans in fish in some main aquatic ecosystems in Zimbabwe: A threat to national fisheries production

  2018cited by this paper
• In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains

  2018cited by this paper
• Growth, Survival and Spore Formation of the Pathogenic Aquatic Oomycete Aphanomyces astaci and Fungus Fusarium avenaceum Are Inhibited by Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Bark Extracts In Vitro

  2018cited by this paper
• Evaluation of antifungal activity of sodium salts against onion basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae.

  2018cited by this paper
• Effects of fluconazole based medicated feed on haemato‐immunological responses and resistance of Labeo rohita against Saprolegnia parasitica

  2017cited by this paper
• Innate immune response of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita infected with oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces invadans.

  2014cited by this paper
• Current ecological understanding of fungal-like pathogens of fish: what lies beneath?

  2014cited by this paper
• Emergence of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome: Large-Scale Mortalities of Cultured and Wild Fish Species in Uttar Pradesh, India

  2014cited by this paper
• Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

  2014cited by this paper
• Protective role of adjuvant and potassium permanganate on oxidative stress response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Saprolegnia ferax

  2013cited by this paper
• It only takes one to do many jobs: Amphotericin B as antifungal and immunomodulatory drug

  2012cited by this paper
• Immune responses and protection in catla (Catla catla) vaccinated against epizootic ulcerative syndrome.

  2012cited by this paper
• In vitro and In vivo Antifungal Activities of Organic and Inorganic Salts Against Citrus Sour Rot Agent Geotrichum candidum

  2011cited by this paper
• Peracetic acid (PAA) treatment is an effective disinfectant against crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) spores in aquaculture

  2011cited by this paper
• Pathological and Biochemical Studies in Tilapia Zilli Infected with Saprolegnia parasitica and Treated with Potassium Permanganate

  2010cited by this paper
• The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Hatch Rate and Saprolegnia spp. Infestation of Channel Catfish Eggs

  2009cited by this paper
• Saprolegnia parasitica, an oomycete pathogen with a fishy appetite: new challenges for an old problem

  2006cited by this paper
• Toxicological effects of malachite green.

  2004cited by this paper
• Use of Hydrogen Peroxide and Formalin Treatments during Incubation of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Eyed Eggs

  2003cited by this paper
• Immunostimulation of striped snakehead Channa striata against epizootic ulcerative syndrome

  2001cited by this paper
• In vitro screening of novel treatments for Aphanomyces invadans

  2001cited by this paper
• WHO Model Prescribing Information — Drugs Used in Skin Diseases

  1999cited by this paper
• Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Technical Handbook.

  1998cited by this paper
• The antibody response of snakehead, Channa striata Bloch, to Aphanomyces invaderis.

  1997cited by this paper
• Comparative effects of various antibiotics, fungicides and disinfectants on Aphanomyces invaderis and other saprolegniaceous fungi.

  1997cited by this paper
• Therapeutic and prophylactic measures for winter saprolegniosis in channel catfish.

  1996cited by this paper
• Efficacy of formalin, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium chloride on fungal-infected rainbow trout eggs

  1996cited by this paper
• The Use of Formalin and Iodine to Control Saprolegnia Infections on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Eggs

  1994cited by this paper
• A new fungal of Plecoglossus altivelis

  1971cited by this paper

• Abiotic stressors influence saprolegniasis infection, causing mass mortality in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Labeo rohita under cage culture in Eastern India

  2025cites this paper
• The Potential Risk and Sustainable Reuse Technologies of Aquaculture Wastewater: A Review

  2025cites this paper
• Emerging Contaminants Related to Brazilian Aquaculture

  2024cites this paper
• Isolation and characterization of Saprolegnia parasitica from cage-reared Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and its sensitivity to different antifungal compounds

  2024cites this paper
• Development of a rapid and sensitive real-time diagnostic assay to detect and quantify Aphanomyces invadans, the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome

  2023cites this paper
• Pathogenic fungi affecting fishes through their virulence molecules

  2022cites this paper
• Chemical composition, antifungal activity and molecular docking of Himalayan thyme leaf extract (Thymus linearis) against fish pathogenic oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

  2021cites this paper
• Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in aquaculture effluent: Insight into breeding and rearing activities, alarming impacts, regulations, performance of wastewater treatment unit and future approaches.

  2021cites this paper
• Current practices and emerging possibilities for reducing the spread of oomycete pathogens in terrestrial and aquatic production systems in the European Union

  2021cites this paper
• Pathogenicity of animal and plant parasitic Aphanomyces spp and their economic impact on aquaculture and agriculture

  2021cites this paper