Inhibitory Influence of Enterococcus faecium on the Propagation of Swine Influenza A Virus In Vitro

The control of infectious diseases such as swine influenza viruses (SwIV) plays an important role in food production both from the animal health and from the public health point of view. Probiotic microorganisms and other health improving food supplements have been given increasing attention in recent years, but, no information on the effects of probiotics on swine influenza virus is available. Here we address this question by assessing the inhibitory potential of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium) on the replication of two porcine strains of influenza virus (H1N1 and H3N2 strain) in a continuous porcine macrophage cell line (3D4/21) and in MDBK cells. Cell cultures were treated with E. faecium at the non-toxic concentration of 1×106 CFU/ml in growth medium for 60 to 90 min before, during and after SwIV infection. After further incubation of cultures in probiotic-free growth medium, cell viability and virus propagation were determined at 48 h or 96 h post infection. The results obtained reveal an almost complete recovery of viability of SwIV infected cells and an inhibition of virus multiplication by up to four log units in the E. faecium treated cells. In both 3D4/21- and MDBK-cells a 60 min treatment with E. faecium stimulated nitric oxide (NO) release which is in line with published evidence for an antiviral function of NO. Furthermore, E. faecium caused a modified cellular expression of selected mediators of defence in 3D4-cells: while the expression of TNF-α, TLR-3 and IL-6 were decreased in the SwIV-infected and probiotic treated cells, IL-10 was found to be increased. Since we obtained experimental evidence for the direct adsorptive trapping of SwIV through E. faecium, this probiotic microorganism inhibits influenza viruses by at least two mechanisms, direct physical interaction and strengthening of innate defence at the cellular level.

• Publication year

  2013

• Venue

  PLoS ONE

• Publication date

  2013-01-07

• Fields of study

  Agricultural and Food Sciences, Medicine, Biology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0053043PMID 23308134PMCID 3538747
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• Direct adsorptive trapping and strengthened innate defence are supported as two mechanisms underlying the influenza-inhibitory effect of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415.

  Confidence 0.90

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 changed the expression pattern of defense mediators in infected 3D4/21 cells by lowering TNF-α, TLR-3, and IL-6 while increasing IL-10.

  Confidence 0.92

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 stimulated nitric oxide release after 60 minutes of treatment in both 3D4/21 cells and MDBK cells.

  Confidence 0.93

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 inhibited replication of swine influenza A virus in both 3D4/21 cells and MDBK cells, with reductions of up to four log units.

  Confidence 0.98

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

• 3d4/21 cells

  cell lines

  A continuous porcine macrophage cell line used as one of the in vitro infection models.

  Aliases: 3D4/21 cell line

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• direct adsorptive trapping

  mechanisms

  A proposed physical interaction in which the probiotic binds or captures influenza virus particles.

  Aliases: adsorptive trapping

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415

  probiotic strains

  A probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain tested for its effects on influenza virus propagation in cell culture.

  Aliases: E. faecium

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• il-10

  cytokines

  An interleukin cytokine assessed as an anti-inflammatory or regulatory mediator in the porcine macrophage cells.

  Aliases: interleukin 10

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• il-6

  cytokines

  An interleukin cytokine assessed as a defense mediator in the infected porcine macrophage cells.

  Aliases: interleukin 6

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• innate defence

  immune responses

  The host-cell first-line defense response discussed as part of the probiotic's antiviral mechanism.

  Aliases: innate defense

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• mdbk cells

  cell lines

  Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells used as a second in vitro cell model for infection and treatment assays.

  Aliases: Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, MDBK cell line

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• nitric oxide

  signaling molecules

  A reactive signaling molecule measured as a host-cell response after probiotic treatment.

  Aliases: NO

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• swine influenza a virus

  virus strains

  Porcine influenza A virus strains used as the infectious agent in the cell-culture experiments.

  Aliases: SwIV, porcine influenza virus

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• tlr-3

  receptors

  A toll-like receptor involved in viral RNA sensing and measured as a defense-related mediator in the porcine cells.

  Aliases: Toll-like receptor 3

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• tnf-α

  cytokines

  A tumor necrosis factor cytokine whose expression was measured in infected porcine macrophage cells.

  Aliases: tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF alpha

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extraction뀨 (7c402c1b98) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

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