THE EFFECT OF TRACE MINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION IN LOW FISHMEAL DIETS ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSES OF THE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a very important animal for the world’s aquatic industry, especially in Southeast Asia, because it is among the most exported animal in the world. The Pacific white shrimp is an omnivorous species, receiving sustenance from both animal and plant sources, and it has the ability to digest and absorb nutrients well, including any raw material from any recipe. Fishmeal is a protein source that is a staple of the aquaculture industry, including the shrimp feed industry, due to the high-quality protein (Tacon & Metian, 2008), as well as rich minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients (Riche, 2015). However, the fishing industry is currently facing various problems (Naylor et al., 2009), resulting in the reduction of fishmeal production around the world, with a trend of continuous decline. Many feed factories around the world needed to adapt and adjust feed formulas in response to such changes. One issue that cropped up following the reduction of content in the fishmeal formula is of the elimination of many types of minerals, especially trace minerals, such as zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium. Animals are not able to produce these minerals by themselves and only acquire from the feed they consume. Therefore, the supplementation of trace minerals is an important thing to be concerned about and apply due to the decreased or removed fishmeal from the feed formula. Moreover, high usage of soybean meal in shrimp feed could reduce the bioavailability of protein and trace minerals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and selenium (Se), as the phytic acid in soybean meal binds trace minerals, so animals cannot absorb the minerals Abstract: The issue of low fishmeal diets has been a hot-button topic in the animal industry, including the aquafeed industry, for the past thirty years due to insufficient fishmeal production and unsustainable fishery. Reducing fishmeal in diets that may lack some essential minerals, especially trace minerals such as zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium, will affect animal performance. Hence, several trace mineral concentrations in the diets of Litopenaeus vannamei were studied. The trial was assigned through a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 10 replicates. The diets with 37% crude protein were formulated and topped up with different trace mineral levels of 1x, 2x, and 3x. All diets were fed to the shrimps for 4 weeks and the results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) on all growth performance parameters. The numerical values of growth performance, however, showed an improving trend when mineral concentrations were increased. Immune responses, such as phenoloxidase activity and glutathione, showed no significant difference between treatments (P>0.05), but the phenoloxidase activity showed an increase in numerical value when the mineral concentrations were higher. Therefore, the results showed that an increase of trace mineral concentrations in the diets of the Pacific white shrimp showed a promotion of growth performance and improvements in the immune responses.

• Publication year

  2021

• Venue

  Journal of sustainability science and management

• Publication date

  2021-02-28

• Fields of study

  Agricultural and Food Sciences, Biology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.46754/JSSM.2021.02.012
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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