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Arterial Spin Labeling MRI: Basic Physics, Pulse Sequences, and Modeling

S. Francis

Published 2020 in Advances in Magnetic Resonance Technology and Applications

ABSTRACT

Abstract Arterial spin labeling (ASL) provides a noninvasive measure to quantitatively map tissue perfusion and is increasingly used in basic science and clinical studies, driven by consensus papers from the ASL community and the availability of methods across all MRI vendors. Applications of ASL include brain studies of neuronal activity and pathology and studies of disease pathophysiology in other organs such as the kidneys where the use of contrast media is contraindicated in subjects with compromised renal function. In ASL, the magnetization of arterial blood water is inverted and the delivery of labeled blood water to tissues is observed and used to quantify tissue perfusion. This chapter outlines the basic physics principles of ASL and describes the most common labeling schemes, sampling strategies, and image readouts used for ASL. ASL techniques have an inherently low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the factors which influence the measured ASL signal are described along with methods for improving SNR. The analysis steps involved in generating quantitative perfusion maps from ASL data are outlined, from preprocessing to the modeling of the ASL data and the influence of calibration methods and partial volume effects. The overarching aim of this chapter is to provide an outline of ASL methodology to allow the reader to make an informed choice in terms of the most appropriate labeling scheme, sampling strategy, and readout method for their studies, and to understand the postprocessing and quantification methods that follow.

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