Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine in adults with schizophrenia: a review of challenges and strategies

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  2021

• Venue

  Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology

• Publication date

  2021-08-31

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1080/17425255.2021.1974400PMID 34461790
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Associations between plasma clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine ratio, insulin resistance and cognitive performance in patients with co-morbid obesity and ultra-treatment resistant schizophrenia

  2021cited by this paper
• A Focused Review of the Metabolic Side-Effects of Clozapine

  2021cited by this paper
• European Whites May Need Lower Minimum Therapeutic Clozapine Doses Than Those Customarily Proposed

  2021cited by this paper
• Comment on: “Elevated Clozapine Concentrations in Clozapine-Treated Patients with Hypersalivation”

  2021cited by this paper
• A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between clozapine and norclozapine serum levels and peripheral adverse drug reactions

  2021cited by this paper
• Correction: Identification of a novel polymorphism associated with reduced clozapine concentration in schizophrenia patients—a genome-wide association study adjusting for smoking habits

  2020cited by this paper
• Rates of complete nonadherence among atypical antipsychotic drugs: A study using blood samples from 13,217 outpatients with psychotic disorders.

  2020cited by this paper
• Elevated Clozapine Concentrations in Clozapine-Treated Patients with Hypersalivation

  2020cited by this paper
• A comprehensive review of the clinical utility of and a combined analysis of the clozapine/norclozapine ratio in therapeutic drug monitoring for adult patients

  2019cited by this paper
• Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

  2019cited by this paper
• Reduction in N-desmethylclozapine level is determined by daily dose but not serum concentration of valproic acid - Indications of a pre-systemic interaction mechanism.

  2019cited by this paper
• Genetics of clozapine-associated neutropenia: recent advances, challenges and future perspective

  2019cited by this paper
• Pharmacogenomic Variants and Drug Interactions Identified Through the Genetic Analysis of Clozapine Metabolism.

  2019cited by this paper
• Cellular Uptake of the Atypical Antipsychotic Clozapine Is a Carrier-Mediated Process.

  2018cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia: mechanisms and monitoring

  2018cited by this paper
• Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017

  2017influential reference
• Sodium valproate and clozapine induced neutropenia: A case control study using register data.

  2017cited by this paper
• Dopamine Targeting Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Past, 
Present and Future

  2016cited by this paper
• Late Onset Agranulocytosis with Clozapine Associated with HLA DR4 Responding to Treatment with Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor: A Case Report and Review of Literature

  2016cited by this paper
• Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: current insights on the pharmacogenomics of antipsychotics

  2016cited by this paper
• Seizure Associated with Clozapine: Incidence, Etiology, and Management

  2015cited by this paper
• Rare and very rare adverse effects of clozapine

  2015cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis is associated with rare HLA-DQB1 and HLA-B alleles

  2014cited by this paper
• Meta-analysis: the effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and clozapine

  2014cited by this paper
• The social and economic burden of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic literature review

  2014cited by this paper
• Clinical predictors of serum clozapine levels in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia

  2013cited by this paper
• Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis.

  2013influential reference
• Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Atypical Antipsychotics

  2013cited by this paper
• Inactivation of human myeloperoxidase by hydrogen peroxide☆

  2013cited by this paper
• Life expectancy and cardiovascular mortality in persons with schizophrenia

  2012cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Finland, 1982-2007: long-term monitoring of patients is still warranted.

  2012cited by this paper
• Another view of the history of antipsychotic drug discovery and development

  2012cited by this paper
• Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: a critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents

  2012cited by this paper
• Clozapine-related EEG changes and seizures: dose and plasma-level relationships

  2011cited by this paper
• Myeloperoxidase and elastase are only expressed by neutrophils in normal and in inflammed liver

  2011cited by this paper
• A retrospective evaluation of the impact of total smoking cessation on psychiatric inpatients taking clozapine

  2010cited by this paper
• Glutathione transferases as mediators of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and cell death

  2010cited by this paper
• Gastrointestinal , Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Pathology Increased Hepatic Myeloperoxidase Activity in Obese Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

  2009cited by this paper
• Genetic variability of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated regulation of the human UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 gene.

  2008cited by this paper
• Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality.

  2008cited by this paper
• Clozapine underutilization and discontinuation in African Americans due to leucopenia.

  2007cited by this paper
• The effect of variable cigarette consumption on the interaction with clozapine and olanzapine

  2006cited by this paper
• Detecting and characterizing reactive metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

  2006cited by this paper
• UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 1A4 POLYMORPHISMS IN A JAPANESE POPULATION AND KINETICS OF CLOZAPINE GLUCURONIDATION

  2005cited by this paper
• An inter-ethnic comparison study of clozapine dosage, clinical response and plasma levels

  2005cited by this paper
• N-Desmethylclozapine, a Major Metabolite of Clozapine, Increases Cortical Acetylcholine and Dopamine Release In Vivo Via Stimulation of M1 Muscarinic Receptors

  2005influential reference
• Peroxidases: a role in the metabolism and side effects of drugs.

  2005influential reference
• Human White Blood Cells Synthesize Morphine: CYP2D6 Modulation1

  2005cited by this paper
• Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic drugs. TDM "nouveau".

  2004cited by this paper
• Nonresponse to Clozapine and Ultrarapid CYP1A2 Activity: Clinical Data and Analysis of CYP1A2 Gene

  2004cited by this paper
• Pharmacogenetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: the contribution of allelic variations to the phenotype of drug response

  2004cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis

  2004cited by this paper
• Adjunctive fluvoxamine inhibits clozapine-related weight gain and metabolic disturbances.

  2004cited by this paper
• Time response of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity on cessation of heavy smoking

  2004cited by this paper
• Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and relapse--a retrospective study of routine clinical data.

  2003cited by this paper
• The involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of clozapine.

  2003cited by this paper
• Valproic Acid–Induced Neutropenia

  2003cited by this paper
• The expert consensus guideline series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders. Introduction: methods, commentary, and summary.

  2003influential reference
• Isolation and identification of clozapine metabolites in patient urine.

  2001cited by this paper
• Antipsychotics and the Law

  2001cited by this paper
• Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Their Biological Consequences

  2000cited by this paper
• Review and management of clozapine side effects.

  2000cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis and hereditary polymorphisms of clozapine metabolizing enzymes: no association with myeloperoxidase and cytochrome P4502D6.

  2000cited by this paper
• Functional significance of a C-->A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine.

  1999cited by this paper
• Active monitoring of 12760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland

  1999cited by this paper
• Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human cells: CYP1A2 expression in the LS180 colon carcinoma cell line after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or 3-methylcholanthrene.

  1998influential reference
• Elucidation of individual cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of clozapine

  1998cited by this paper
• N-oxygenation of clozapine by flavin-containing monooxygenase.

  1997cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced electroencephalogram changes as a function of clozapine serum levels.

  1997cited by this paper
• Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis in Patients Receiving Clozapine in the UK and Ireland

  1996cited by this paper
• Disposition of clozapine in man: lack of association with debrisoquine and S-mephenytoin hydroxylation polymorphisms.

  1994cited by this paper
• Plasma clozapine concentrations as a predictor of clinical response: a follow-up study.

  1994cited by this paper
• Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis. Incidence and risk factors in the United States.

  1993cited by this paper
• Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clozapine

  1993cited by this paper
• Clozapine and norclozapine plasma concentrations and clinical response of treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients.

  1991cited by this paper
• Glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and transmembrane transport of glutathione conjugate in human neutrophil leukocytes.

  1990cited by this paper
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Psychotropic Drugs

  1989cited by this paper
• Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine.

  1988cited by this paper
• The Risks and Benefits of Clozapine versus Chlorpromazine

  1987cited by this paper
• Agranulocytosis during treatment with clozapine

  1977cited by this paper

• Clinical practice guidelines for management of schizophrenia in India: A comprehensive overview

  2026cites this paper
• Optimization of Psychiatric Treatment through Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

  2026cites this paper
• Drug–Drug Interactions and Individualized Clozapine Therapy in Patients with Depression: Insights from Real-World Data

  2025cites this paper
• Rapid On-Demand Point-of-Care Monitoring of Clozapine and Its Metabolite Norclozapine Using Miniature Mass Spectrometry

  2025cites this paper
• Drug blood levels, influencing factors and their relationship with metabolic parameters in patients with schizophrenia using clozapine.

  2025cites this paper
• Lipidic nanocarriers for the treatment of schizophrenia: progress and prospects of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers.

  2025cites this paper
• Saliva Based Clozapine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Systematic Review

  2025cites this paper
• Development and validation of simultaneous quantification of total and free clozapine and its two metabolites in human plasma using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

  2025cites this paper
• Weight loss leading to reduction in clozapine levels and symptomatic worsening

  2025cites this paper
• Implicações terapêuticas e eficácia da clozapina no manejo da esquizofrenia resistente: revisão de literatura

  2025cites this paper
• Impact of the transcription factor nuclear factor 1 B T>C polymorphism on clozapine metabolism in vivo and expression of intestinal transporters in vitro

  2025influential citation
• Polygenic overlap with granulocyte counts identifies novel loci for clozapine metabolism and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis

  2025cites this paper
• Recommendations for defining treatment outcomes in major psychiatric disorders using real-world data.

  2025cites this paper
• Point-of-care nano zinc oxide carbon paste sensor for non-invasive determination of clozapine in saliva samples

  2025cites this paper
• Interactions between grapefruit juice and psychotropic medications: an update of the literature and an original case series

  2024cites this paper
• Systematic pan-cancer analyses of the potential function of the Golgi scaffold protein PAQR3

  2024cites this paper
• Beyond Population‐Level Targets for Drug Concentrations: Precision Dosing Needs Individual‐Level Targets that Include Superior Biomarkers of Drug Responses

  2024cites this paper
• Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine in human serum by high-throughput paper spray mass spectrometry

  2024cites this paper
• Recurrent high creatine kinase levels under clozapine treatment - a case report assessing a suspected adverse drug reaction

  2024influential citation
• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry: Enhancing Treatment Precision and Patient Outcomes

  2024cites this paper
• A Comprehensive Review of Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Metabolism as a Predictor of Treatment Response

  2024cites this paper
• Clozapine Toxicity Predictor: Deep neural network model predicting clozapine toxicity and its therapeutic dose range.

  2024cites this paper
• Promises and challenges in pharmacoepigenetics

  2023cites this paper
• Clozapine-Induced Stuttering: Case Report and Literature Review

  2023cites this paper
• A brief history and challenges of clozapine utilization in the Arab world.

  2023cites this paper
• A pilot study to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of lesion network guided transcranial electrical stimulation in outpatients with psychosis spectrum illness.

  2023cites this paper
• Mediation and longitudinal analysis to interpret the association between clozapine pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, and absolute neutrophil count

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of low-dose combined olanzapine and sertraline on negative and depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant outpatients with acute exacerbated schizophrenia

  2023cites this paper
• Efficacy and Tolerability of Lesion Network Guided Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Outpatients with Psychosis Spectrum Illness: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

  2023cites this paper
• Rare Variants in Pharmacogenes Influence Clozapine Metabolism in Individuals with Schizophrenia

  2023cites this paper
• The Polymorphic Nuclear Factor NFIB Regulates Hepatic CYP2D6 Expression and Influences Risperidone Metabolism in Psychiatric Patients

  2022cites this paper
• Impact of NFIB and CYP1A variants on clozapine serum concentration—A retrospective naturalistic cohort study on 526 patients with known smoking habits

  2022cites this paper
• Pancancer Analysis of the Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Value of Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor 4

  2022cites this paper
• Current Status of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Mental Health Treatment: A Review

  2022cites this paper
• Personalized dosing of clozapine stratified by patients’ ancestry – international consensus guidelines

  2022cites this paper
• Genomic Stratification of Clozapine Prescription Patterns Using Schizophrenia Polygenic Scores

  2022cites this paper
• Pharmacogenomics in treatment of depression and psychosis: an update.

  2022cites this paper
• Genetic causes of interindividual differences in CYP2D6 dependent metabolism

  year unknowncites this paper