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Spatial bet hedging, thermal trade-offs and glyphosate: crickets integrate multivariate information during oviposition

Z. Stahlschmidt,C. Vo

Published 2022 in Animal Behaviour

ABSTRACT

Animals are increasingly exposed to thermal and chemical stressors across spatially heterogeneous landscapes, and adaptive reproductive decisions may mitigate the effects of multiple stressors. Yet, the combined effects of temperature and glyphosate (a broad-spectrum herbicide that is potentially the most commonly used pesticide worldwide) on maternal decision making and terrestrial embryos are unknown. Here, we integrate the effects of temperature, glyphosate (alone and in its commercial formu- lation, Roundup ® ) and spatial heterogeneity on oviposition (egg-laying) behaviour, which affects the fi tness of females and their offspring. We used the variable fi eld cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps , to test several hypotheses explaining oviposition site selection, speci fi cally the roles of embryo survival, offspring phenotype and maternal survival in oviposition decisions. Temperature (but not glyphosate) affected oviposition and offspring success, with higher performance at intermediate temperatures and lower performance at the extremes, and oviposition increased with the availability of oviposition sites, particularly at warmer temperatures. Environmental context in fl uenced support for oviposition site selection hypotheses. For example, spatial bet hedging (putatively related to maternal survival) was temperature sensitive and it modulated support for the ‘ offspring phenotype ’ and ‘ embryo survival ’ hypotheses. Speci fi cally, an increased availability of oviposition sites prompted females to oviposit at warmer temperatures, thereby favouring offspring phenotype (increased developmental rate) at an expense to embryo survival (reduced hatching success). In summary, the interconnectedness of spatial and thermal heterogeneity

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