Luteal blood flow in patients undergoing GnRH agonist long protocol

BackgroundBlood flow in the corpus luteum (CL) is closely related to luteal function. It is unclear how luteal blood flow is regulated. Standardized ovarian-stimulation protocol with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa long protocol) causes luteal phase defect because it drastically suppresses serum LH levels. Examining luteal blood flow in the patient undergoing GnRHa long protocol may be useful to know whether luteal blood flow is regulated by LH.MethodsTwenty-four infertile women undergoing GnRHa long protocol were divided into 3 groups dependent on luteal supports; 9 women were given ethinylestradiol plus norgestrel (Planovar) orally throughout the luteal phase (control group); 8 women were given HCG 2,000 IU on days 2 and 4 day after ovulation induction in addition to Planovar (HCG group); 7 women were given vitamin E (600 mg/day) orally throughout the luteal phase in addition to Planovar (vitamin E group). Blood flow impedance was measured in each CL during the mid-luteal phase by transvaginal color-pulsed-Doppler-ultrasonography and was expressed as a CL-resistance index (CL-RI).ResultsSerum LH levels were remarkably suppressed in all the groups. CL-RI in the control group was more than the cutoff value (0.51), and only 2 out of 9 women had CL-RI values < 0.51. Treatments with HCG or vitamin E significantly improved the CL-RI to less than 0.51. Seven of the 8 women in the HCG group and all of the women in the vitamin E group had CL-RI < 0.51.ConclusionPatients undergoing GnRHa long protocol had high luteal blood flow impedance with very low serum LH levels. HCG administration improved luteal blood flow impedance. This suggests that luteal blood flow is regulated by LH.

• Publication year

  2011

• Venue

  Journal of Ovarian Research

• Publication date

  2011-01-11

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1186/1757-2215-4-2PMID 21219663PMCID 3024996
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Assessment of luteal blood flow in normal early pregnancy.

  2017cited by this paper
• Endometrial growth and uterine blood flow: a pilot study for improving endometrial thickness in the patients with a thin endometrium.

  2010cited by this paper
• Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal blood flow and progesterone secretion in cows and in vitro-microdialyzed corpora lutea.

  2009cited by this paper
• Luteal blood flow and luteal function

  2009cited by this paper
• Angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum

  2008cited by this paper
• Changes in blood-flow impedance of the human corpus luteum throughout the luteal phase and during early pregnancy.

  2008cited by this paper
• Adrenomedullin in the Rat Testis. I: Its Production, Actions on Testosterone Secretion, Regulation by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Its Interaction with Endothelin 1 in the Leydig Cell1

  2008cited by this paper
• Inverse relationship between nitric oxide synthases and endothelin-1 synthesis in bovine corpus luteum: interactions at the level of luteal endothelial cell.

  2006cited by this paper
• Changes in vascular leakage and expression of angiopoietins in the corpus luteum during pregnancy in rats.

  2006cited by this paper
• Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the ovine ovary throughout the estrous cycle.

  2006cited by this paper
• Blood flow: a key regulatory component of corpus luteum function in the cow.

  2005cited by this paper
• Angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum: changes in expression of angiopoietins in the corpus luteum throughout the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy.

  2005cited by this paper
• Characterization of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide generating systems in corpus luteum-derived endothelial cells.

  2004cited by this paper
• Nitric oxide regulates ovarian blood flow in the rat during the periovulatory period.

  2002cited by this paper
• Characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin as a novel angiogenic factor.

  2002cited by this paper
• Regulation and Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Corpus Luteum During Mid-Pregnancy in Rats1

  2001cited by this paper
• Angiogenesis in the human corpus luteum: simulated early pregnancy by HCG treatment is associated with both angiogenesis and vessel stabilization.

  2001cited by this paper
• Regulation and role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the corpus luteum during mid-pregnancy in rats

  2001cited by this paper
• Endothelins enhance prostaglandin (PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha)) biosynthesis and release by human luteal cells: evidence of a new paracrine/autocrine regulation of luteal function.

  2001cited by this paper
• Changes in nitric oxide synthase activity in the ovary of gonadotropin treated rats: the role of nitric oxide during ovulation.

  1999cited by this paper
• Reducing lipid peroxidation stress of erythrocyte membrane by alpha-tocopherol nicotinate plays an important role in improving blood rheological properties in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy.

  1998cited by this paper
• Vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for corpus luteum angiogenesis

  1998cited by this paper
• Reducing lipid peroxidation stress of erythrocyte membrane by α‐tocopherol nicotinate plays an important role in improving blood rheological properties in Type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy

  1998cited by this paper
• The assessment of normal and abnormal luteal function by transvaginal color Doppler sonography.

  1997cited by this paper
• Transvaginal Doppler ultrasound with color flow imaging in the diagnosis of luteal phase defect (LPD).

  1997cited by this paper
• Corpus luteum blood flow in abnormal early pregnancy.

  1996cited by this paper
• Human chorionic gonadotropin-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in human granulosa cells: importance in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

  1995cited by this paper
• Color flow pulsed Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing luteal phase defect.

  1995cited by this paper
• Effects of α-tocopherol nicotinate on hemorheology and retinal capillary blood flow in female niddm with retinopathy

  1995cited by this paper
• Influence of human chorionic gonadotrophin, oestradiol and progesterone on uteroplacental and corpus luteum blood flow in normal early pregnancy.

  1992cited by this paper
• Redistribution of ovarian blood flow after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone in the adult pseudopregnant rat.

  1987cited by this paper
• Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society Suppression of Luteal Angiogenesis in the Primate after Neutralization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor*

  year unknowncited by this paper
• The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors in the Human Corpus Luteum during the

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Dehydroepiandrosterone promotes ovarian angiogenesis and improves ovarian function in a rat model of premature ovarian insufficiency by up-regulating HIF-1α/VEGF signalling.

  2024cites this paper
• Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Infertility: A Time for Change

  2018cites this paper
• The Common Characteristics Between Infertility and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

  2016cites this paper
• Stimulation of LH, FSH, and luteal blood flow by GnRH during the luteal phase in mares.

  2016cites this paper
• FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS CARRERA DE MEDICINA

  2016cites this paper
• Comparison of endocrine and cellular mechanisms regulating the corpus luteum of primates and ruminants.

  2012influential citation