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Nonreactive Nano WO3 Inclusions to Enhance Flux Pinning in Bi-2223 Superconductor Composites

P. Verma,Aswathi Kaipamangalath,M. Varma,V. S. Bai

Published 2024 in IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity

ABSTRACT

Nano-tungsten trioxide (WO<sub>3</sub>) particles were introduced homogeneously into Bi<sub>1.2</sub>Pb<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>1.54</sub>Ca<sub>2.06</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (Bi 2223) superconductor matrix by a sol-casting technique and their effect on flux pinning properties was studied. To prevent W substitution at a lattice site of the matrix phase, WO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were added to processed Bi 2223 powders, which helped to retain transition temperature (<italic>T<sub>c</sub></italic>) near 105 K. The magnetic properties were obtained in the temperature (<italic>T</italic>) range of 10 to 77 K and up to 9 T magnetic fields (<italic>B</italic>). The temperature and field dependences of critical current densities (<italic>J<sub>c</sub></italic>) and the flux pinning force densities (<italic>F<sub>p</sub></italic>) were examined in terms of the possible sources of flux pinning in the samples. The addition of low concentrations (0.1 wt.%) of nano WO<sub>3</sub> led to effective pinning and enhancement of current densities to higher fields, up to 77 K, compared to Bi 2223. Analysis of <italic>F<sub>p</sub>(B)</italic> curves showed normal surface pinning at platelet/grain boundary defects to be dominant at low fields at all temperatures, while additional pinning from WO<sub>3</sub> is observed at higher fields. The limiting fields where pinning from different mechanisms vanishes are estimated using scaling laws. Irreversibility fields (<italic>B</italic><sub>irr</sub>) estimated from the high field region of <italic>F<sub>p</sub>(B)</italic> curves suggest that substantial pinning is caused by nano WO<sub>3</sub> addition to Bi 2223.

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