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Spodoptera frugiperda Salivary Glucose Oxidase Reduces the Release of Green Leaf Volatiles and Increases Terpene Emission from Maize

Bin Gao,Bin Li,Ji Yuan,Zhan Shi,Xialin Zheng,Guirong Wang

Published 2024 in Insects

ABSTRACT

Simple Summary Spodoptera frugiperda is a significant global agricultural pest, particularly fond of maize. In agroecosystems, the interactions among plants, phytophagous insects, and their natural enemies form a complex web at three trophic levels, with volatile compounds playing a pivotal role in these interactions. Phytophagous insects utilize plant volatiles as chemical cues to accurately identify and locate their hosts. Furthermore, herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) act as critical chemical messengers and play an essential role in mediating interactions across the three trophic levels. These interactions include inducing defense mechanisms in neighboring plants, attracting natural enemies to help suppress pest populations, or directly producing repellent substances to deter pests. Oral secretions (OS) play a vital role in this interaction, acting as a critical signaling conduit that modulates plant responses. In this study, the major agricultural pest S. frugiperda was examined, with the GOX gene targeted as a molecular focus. The findings indicate that the GOX gene influences HIPV emission in maize, providing valuable insights into plant–insect interaction mechanisms and laying a foundation for innovative plant protection strategies. Abstract The intricate relationships between plants and insects are essential for understanding ecological dynamics. Among these interactions, HIPVs serve as a pivotal defense mechanism. Our findings reveal the highly conserved nature of the GOX gene within the Lepidoptera order, highly expressed in the salivary glands of S. frugiperda, and its role in mediating maize’s defense responses. Notably, salivary GOX activity expression significantly decreases subsequent gene knockout. The presence of GOX in the saliva of S. frugiperda significantly modulates the emission of HIPVs during maize consumption. This research delineates that GOX selectively inhibits the emission of certain green leaf volatiles (GLVs) while concurrently enhancing the release of terpene volatiles. This study unveils a novel mechanism whereby S. frugiperda utilizes GOX proteins in OS to modulate volatile emissions from maize, offering fresh perspectives on the adaptive evolution of phytophagous insects and their interactions with their preferred host plants.

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