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Discovery of novel vaccine candidates based on the immunogenic epitopes derived from Toxoplasma membrane proteins

Seyyed Amir Hosseini,Saman Hashemi,Davood Siamian,A. Asghari,Mohammad Fathollahzadeh,H. Majidiani,Iman Shahraki,Mohamad Hosein Safari

Published 2025 in Clinical and experimental vaccine research

ABSTRACT

Purpose Due to the widespread distribution and importance of Toxoplasma gondii infection as a parasitic zoonosis, multi-epitope vaccine design was implemented using a set of immunodominant epitopes screened out of a wide scope of membrane proteins. Materials and Methods On this basis, 5 vaccine candidates were created using linkers ([GGGGS]2, KK, AAY, GPGPG, GDGDG, EAAAK) and adjuvants (RS-09 peptide, Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factor E [RpfE] and 50S ribosomal protein, human interferon [IFN]-γ). Results Polytopes with RS-09 alone (Toxo-App) and with IFN-γ (Toxo-Apfn), and one with 50S ribosomal protein (Toxo-Ribos) showed the highest immunogenicity during in silico prediction, and their 3-dimensional structure was refined. Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis was done between the Toxo-App and human toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, rendering a stable connection. Codon optimization and in silico cloning was done ultimately for the selected vaccine candidate. Conclusion In conclusion, potent multi-epitope vaccine candidates were designed against toxoplasmosis using a diverse set of in silico techniques, while further wet experiments are recommended.

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