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Using continuous glucose monitoring to prescribe an exercise time: A Randomised controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Courtney R. Chang,L. Roach,Brooke M. Russell,M. E. Francois

Published 2025 in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE Growing evidence suggests the exercise timing, time-of-day it is performed, is important for maximizing glycemic benefits in type 2 diabetes (T2D). This randomized controlled trial investigated the impact of utilizing continuous glucose monitoring to personalise exercise timing on peak hyperglycaemia and cardiometabolic health in people with T2D. METHODS Forty-two adults with T2D (HbA1c: 7.2 ± 0.8 %; Age: 63 ± 12 y; BMI: 29 ± 5 kg/m2) were randomized to eight weeks: i) waitlist control (CTL, eight week CTL then re-randomized to interventions), ii) 22-min daily exercise beginning ∼ 30 min before peak hyperglycemia (ExPeak) or iii) 22-min daily exercise ∼ 90 min after peak hyperglycemia (NonPeak). Time of peak hyperglycemia was pre-determined for each participant using the median of a 14-d habitual continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) period. Glycemic control (HbA1c [primary outcome], CGM), vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]), arterial stiffness, blood pressure) and body composition were assessed. Linear mixed models compared changes across time between groups. RESULTS There was no intervention effect for HbA1c, however there was a significant interaction for changes in 24-h peak glucose and %FMD between groups. Compared to CTL, both intervention groups significantly lowered peak glucose (ExPeak: 95 %CI: -2.0 to -0.3 mmol/L, NonPeak: CI: -2.3 to -0.6 mmol/L) and %FMD increased (ExPeak: 95 %CI: 0.6 to 1.5 %, NonPeak: 95 %CI: 0.0 to 1.1 %). Adherence to interventions was high for both intervention groups (>90 %). CONCLUSION Prescribing exercise to target peak hyperglycemia did not improve HbA1c; however cardiometabolic health outcomes improved in both groups prescribed an exercise time compared to control. Personalizing exercise prescription by prescribing a time to exercise may be a novel approach to improve health outcomes and physical activity participation.

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