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Indignation and conflict-associated behavior – does cognition matter?

Julia A. Schreiber,Mathias Jaudas,Jürgen Maes

Published 2025 in International Journal of Conflict Management

ABSTRACT

Purpose Understanding the cognitions behind emotions like indignation can aid in conflict transformation by helping parties reframe their perceptions, potentially de-escalating conflicts. This study aims to explore the role of cognitive components and their interplay for indignation and conflict-associated behaviors. Design/methodology/approach Based on Montada and Kals’ (2013) social conflict theory, this experimental online study (n = 1077) examined whether four cognitive components – (i) norm violation, (ii) perception of being negatively affected, (iii) actor’s responsibility for action and (iv) no reasonable justification for action – explain indignation and conflict-associated behaviors like punishment and warning others. Findings This study found that norm violation is central to indignation and conflict behaviors. Indignation and warnings increase when all four components are present, and even when only norm violation is paired with one other component. Punishment occurs more frequently when norm violation and at least two other components are present. Practical implications Norm violation is central to indignation and conflict. As norms differ based on culture, ideology and upbringing, discussing these differences can help transform conflicts. Also, addressing perceived intent and justifications for violations might reduce indignation and could aid conflict resolution. Originality/value This research contributes to the limited literature on the cognitions underlying indignation. It integrates components identified in prior research (norm violation, being negatively affected, responsibility and no reasonable justification) and explores how they interact to influence indignation and behaviors like punishment and warning others. It also offers new insights into the link between indignation and warning others, a link that has been largely discussed theoretically.

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