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Baton: Compensate for Missing Wi-Fi Features for Practical Device-Free Tracking

Yimin Zhao,Xuanqi Meng,Xinyu Tong,Xiulong Liu,Xin Xie,Wenyu Qu

Published 2025 in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing

ABSTRACT

Wi-Fi contact-free sensing systems have attracted widespread attention due to their ubiquity and convenience. The integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology utilizes off-the-shelf Wi-Fi communication signals for sensing, which further promotes the deployment of intelligent sensing applications. However, current Wi-Fi sensing systems often require prolonged and unnecessary communication between transceivers, and brief communication interruptions will lead to significant performance degradation. This paper proposes <italic>Baton</italic>, the first system capable of accurately tracking targets even under severe Wi-Fi feature deficiencies. To be specific, we explore the relevance of the Wi-Fi feature matrix from both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The horizontal dimension reveals feature correlation across different Wi-Fi links, while the vertical dimension reveals feature correlation among different time slots. Based on the above principle, we propose the <underline>S</underline>imultaneous <underline>T</underline>racking <underline>A</underline>nd <underline>P</underline>redicting (STAP) algorithm, which enables the seamless transfer of Wi-Fi features over time and across different links, akin to passing a baton. We implement the system on commercial devices, and the experimental results show that our system outperforms existing solutions with a median tracking error of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ 0.46$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>46</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="tong-ieq1-3559927.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> m, even when the communication duty cycle is as low as 20.00%. Compared with the state-of-the-art, our system reduces the tracking error by 79.19% in scenarios with severe Wi-Fi feature deficiencies.

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