Non-ruthenium catalysts based self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction

Abstract Self-oscillating gels driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction represent a novel class of smart materials that exhibit autonomous, reversible, and periodic changes in color and size without the need for external stimuli. Currently, most such gels are based on catalytically active ruthenium complexes, which are not only expensive but also light-sensitive, potentially limiting their practical application. Therefore, the development of self-oscillating gels based on non-ruthenium catalysts is an important task, since there is a need for inexpensive and accessible chemomechanical materials for industrial use. This review presents and summarizes the advancements made in self-oscillating gels based on Fe, Co, and Ce catalysts. Furthermore, it discusses the opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging field.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Pure and Applied Chemistry

• Publication date

  2025-04-25

• Fields of study

  Not labeled

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1515/pac-2024-0389
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Chiral Locomotion Transitions of an Active Gel and Their Chemomechanical Origin.

  2025cited by this paper
• Triple-crosslinked self-propelled hydrogel with self-healing properties: preparation and characteristics

  2025cited by this paper
• Novel Approach to Increasing the Amplitude of the Mechanical Oscillations of Self-Oscillating Gels: Introduction of Catalysts Both as Pendant Groups and as Crosslinkers

  2024cited by this paper
• Co-Complexes-Based Self-Oscillating Gels Driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction

  2024cited by this paper
• Fe(bathophen)2(phen)-based self-oscillating gel driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

  2023cited by this paper
• Creation of softmaterials based on self-oscillating polymer gels

  2022cited by this paper
• Chemical micro-oscillators based on the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction

  2021cited by this paper
• Chemomechanical origin of directed locomotion driven by internal chemical signals

  2020cited by this paper
• Sustained larger-amplitude self-oscillations induced by the BZ reaction involving Fe(phen)3 catalyst

  2019cited by this paper
• Synchronous volume and color self-oscillating gels based on chemomechanical coupling

  2018cited by this paper
• Autonomous reciprocating migration of an active material

  2017cited by this paper
• Retrograde and Direct Wave Locomotion in a Photosensitive Self-Oscillating Gel.

  2016cited by this paper
• Swelling/deswelling self-oscillating of microgels induced by the BZ reaction with Fe(phen)3 catalyst

  2016cited by this paper
• A self-oscillating gel actuator driven by ferroin.

  2014cited by this paper
• Activation Energy of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction in a Gel with [Fe(bpy) 3 ] Catalyst

  2014cited by this paper
• Volume oscillation of microphase-separated gel

  2013cited by this paper
• Chemomechanical oscillations in polymer gels: Effect of the size of samples

  2011cited by this paper
• Self-oscillatory systems based on polymer gels

  2009cited by this paper
• Photoregulated wormlike motion of a gel.

  2008cited by this paper
• Chemical and optical control of peristaltic actuator based on self-oscillating porous gel.

  2008cited by this paper
• Self‐Walking Gel

  2007cited by this paper
• Self-Oscillating Gel

  1996cited by this paper

• Chemomechanical self-oscillating gels driven by redox oscillations of terpyridine-based iron complexes as materials for soft actuators

  2025cites this paper