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Indoor concentrations and exposure levels of CO, SO₂, NO₂, and O₃ in Chinese residences, schools, and offices (2000-2021): A systematic review.

Jin Sun,Zhuoru Chen,Xuehuan Gao,Keqin Yang,Zhiping Niu,Chen Yan,Han Chen,Hao Tang,Shuang Du,Xinyi Fang,Yihao Hao,Chunxiao Su,Yunfei Cai,N. Liu,Zhuohui Zhao

Published 2025 in Journal of Hazardous Materials

ABSTRACT

This systematic review addressed critical knowledge gaps regarding the spatiotemporal patterns and human exposure to indoor gaseous pollutants (CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃) in Chinese civil buildings (residences, schools, offices) from 2000 to 2021. A total of 108 field measurement studies revealed divergent temporal trends: a decline in indoor CO, SO2, and NO2 concentrations over the past two decades in China, alongside a rise in indoor O3 concentrations. The highest CO (8.4 mg/m3), SO2 (1473.6 μg/m³), and NO2 (217.0 μg/m³) concentrations were observed in northwest China. Time-weighted exposure assessments indicated elevated levels in children compared to adults (office workers) for CO (3.1 vs. 1.7 mg/m³), SO2 (248.4 vs. 239.5 μg/m³), and NO2 (50.5 vs. 42.3 μg/m³), while higher O₃ exposure was identified among office workers (25.0 vs. 21.1 μg/m³ in children). These findings underscore the urgency of implementing population-specific interventions, such as solid fuel replacement programs in high-burden rural regions and reducing the use of ozone-releasing appliances in office environments. Future efforts should prioritize formulating more stringent indoor air quality standards and establishing comprehensive long-term monitoring systems across different indoor environments, which would provide a robust foundation for refining population exposure models and developing targeted mitigation strategies aligned with spatiotemporal pollutant dynamics.

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