Mineral Profile of Infant Formulae in the Las Vegas market: Compliance with label and regulations, contribution to dietary reference intakes and method comparison.

To date, there are few studies concerning determination of minerals in infant formulae intended to survey compliance of manufacturer claims and compliance with regulations. In this study, we collected infant formulae from the Las Vegas market to investigate the levels of Na, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, and Zn using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) following hot block-assisted digestion. Within analytical uncertainty, infant formula samples met label claims for Na, Mg, K, Fe, and Zn and were within the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of analyzed minerals from consumption of different types of infant formulae were: (158-316) mg d-1 for Na, (42.5-63.8) mg d-1 for Mg, (618-1025) mg d-1 for K, (0.006-0.345) mg d-1 for Mn, (4.79-16.6) mg d-1 for Fe and (4.11-8.88) mg d-1 for Zn. Except for Zn, the levels of other elements conform to currently recommended dietary reference values. In this study we also evaluated the accuracy of portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) for measuring Zn and Fe in infant formula. Bland-Altman analysis indicates that pXRF can be applied as a reliable technique for determination of Zn and Fe in infant formula.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Food and Chemical Toxicology

• Publication date

  2025-05-01

• Fields of study

  Agricultural and Food Sciences, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115544PMID 40360128
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Ways to Measure Metals: From ICP-MS to XRF

  2025cited by this paper
• Comparison of AAS, ICP-MS, and pXRF Performance for Copper Analysis in Agricultural Soils

  2024cited by this paper
• Portable X-ray fluorescence of zinc and selenium with nail clippings–Mother and Infant Nutrition Investigation (MINI)

  2024cited by this paper
• Nutritional profile and risk assessment of inorganic elements in enteral and parenteral nutrition formulas.

  2024cited by this paper
• Comparison between Acid Digestion (ICP-OES) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry for Zinc Concentration Determination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  2023cited by this paper
• Is it time to revise the current nutrient requirements for infant formulas principally established in 1980?

  2023cited by this paper
• Assessment of dietary iron intake and sources in early childhood in a nationally representative cross-sectional survey.

  2023cited by this paper
• Making Sense of the Infant Formula Shortage

  2023cited by this paper
• Iron and DHA in Infant Formula Purchased in the US Fails to Meet European Nutrition Requirements

  2023cited by this paper
• Macrominerals and Trace Minerals in Commercial Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil: Compliance With Established Minimum and Maximum Requirements, Label Statements, and Estimated Daily Intake

  2022cited by this paper
• Estimating the potential of spices for mineral provision in a refugee context in East Africa

  2022cited by this paper
• A critical evaluation of the role of iron overload in fatty liver disease

  2022cited by this paper
• Infant exposure to trace elements in breast milk, infant formulas and complementary foods from southern China.

  2022cited by this paper
• Using Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Inexpensive and Quick Determination of Micronutrients in Barley Shoots

  2022cited by this paper
• Sodium found in processed cow milk and estimated intake by infants

  2021cited by this paper
• Iron Overload, Oxidative Stress, and Ferroptosis in the Failing Heart and Liver

  2021cited by this paper
• Role of excretion in manganese homeostasis and neurotoxicity: A historical perspective.

  2021cited by this paper
• Potential for Manganese-Induced Neurologic Harm to Formula-Fed Infants: A Risk Assessment of Total Oral Exposure

  2021cited by this paper
• Levels of Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk in Jordan: a Comparison with Infant Formula Milk Powder

  2021cited by this paper
• Manganese in diet: bioaccessibility, adequate intake and neurotoxicological effects.

  2020cited by this paper
• Dietary Intake of Sodium during Infancy and the Cardiovascular Consequences Later in Life: A Scoping Review

  2020cited by this paper
• Dietary intake of sodium by children: Why it matters.

  2020cited by this paper
• Reducing Iron Content in Infant Formula from 8 to 2 mg/L Does Not Increase the Risk of Iron Deficiency at 4 or 6 Months of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  2020cited by this paper
• Young adult outcomes associated with lower cognitive functioning in childhood related to iron-fortified formula in infancy

  2020cited by this paper
• Estimating daily intakes of manganese due to breast milk, infant formulas, or young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to sufficiency and toxicity thresholds

  2020cited by this paper
• Contents of Metal(loid)s in a Traditional Ethiopian Flat Bread (Injera), Dietary Intake, and Health Risk Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

  2020cited by this paper
• Green methodology for quality control of elemental content of infant milk powder

  2019cited by this paper
• Early‐life intake of major trace elements, bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and fatty acids: Comparing human milk and commercial infant formulas

  2019cited by this paper
• Assessing zinc from a nail clipping using mono-energetic portable X-ray fluorescence.

  2019cited by this paper
• Macronutrients and trace elements in enteral nutrition formulas: Compliance with label, bioaccessibility and contribution to reference intakes through a probabilistic assessment

  2019cited by this paper
• Manganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations

  2019cited by this paper
• Determination of minerals in infant milk formulae by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

  2018cited by this paper
• Potential and application of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to estimate iron and zinc concentration in potato tubers

  2018cited by this paper
• Determination of Trace Elements in Infant Formulas Available on Polish Market

  2018cited by this paper
• Application of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Determination of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Sulfur in Grass (Lolium perenne) in Grazed Agricultural Systems

  2018cited by this paper
• Excess iron intake as a factor in growth, infections, and development of infants and young children.

  2017cited by this paper
• Development of iron homeostasis in infants and young children.

  2017cited by this paper
• Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy and Infancy: Uncertainties and Implications for Research and Policy

  2017cited by this paper
• In vitro assessment of iron availability from commercial Young Child Formulae supplemented with prebiotics

  2016cited by this paper
• Zinc and infant nutrition.

  2016cited by this paper
• Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: promoting and supporting breastfeeding.

  2015cited by this paper
• Portable x-ray fluorescence for assessing trace elements in rice and rice products: Comparison with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

  2015cited by this paper
• Selected vitamins, minerals and fatty acids in infant formulas in the United States

  2014cited by this paper
• Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses

  2013cited by this paper
• The content of magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium in infant formulas

  2012cited by this paper
• Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of zinc and iron concentration in rice and pearl millet grain

  2012cited by this paper
• Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula: developmental outcome at 10 years.

  2012cited by this paper
• Essential and trace elements content of commercial infant foods in the UK.

  2011cited by this paper
• High concentrations of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods - A matter of concern.

  2011cited by this paper
• Nutrient intakes of US infants, toddlers, and preschoolers meet or exceed dietary reference intakes.

  2010cited by this paper
• Iron intake and iron status in breastfed infants during the first year of life.

  2010cited by this paper
• Mineral and nutritional analysis of Polish infant formulas

  2010cited by this paper
• Use of field-portable XRF analyzers for rapid screening of toxic elements in FDA-regulated products.

  2009cited by this paper
• Optimization of a slurry dispersion method for minerals and trace elements analysis in infant formulae by ICP OES and FAAS

  2009cited by this paper
• Infant nutrition and blood pressure in early adulthood: the Barry Caerphilly Growth study.

  2003cited by this paper
• Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES

  2002cited by this paper
• In Vitro Availability of Calcium, Iron, and Zinc from First-Age Infant Formulae and Human Milk

  2001cited by this paper
• Concentrations of Trace Elements in Extensively Hydrolysed Infant Formulae and Their Estimated Daily Intakes

  2000cited by this paper

• No citing papers are available for this paper.