The Formation of Ferromanganese Crusts From the Western Mariana Ridge and Implications for Deep‐Water Environment Since the Late Pliocene

Pacific Deep Water (PDW) plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the global thermohaline circulation. Understanding the evolution of the PDW is significant to reveal the global carbon cycle and its climatic responses. We present a comprehensive study of ferromanganese crusts from the Western Mariana Ridge (WMR), which includes mineralogical and high‐resolution geochemical data and Be isotopes. The mineralogical compositions are vernadite, quartz, anorthite, albite. calcite, sanidine and illite. Ferromanganese crusts on the Western Mariana Ridge are hydrogenetic in origin. We constrained the chronological framework using three Be isotope age control points at 3.04, 1.21, and 0.35 Ma. Based on the microstructure and geochemical variations of the ferromanganese crust, the PDW of the WMR can be divided into three stages: Stage I: 3.04 to 1.99 Ma, Stage II: 1.99 to 0.59 Ma, and Stage III: 0.59 Ma to present. These stages are influenced by paleoceanographic events such as Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG), and the Mid‐Pleistocene Transition (MPT). Global cooling may have been the main driving force affecting changes in the regional deep‐water environment, thereby influencing the extent of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ).

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems

• Publication date

  2025-05-01

• Fields of study

  Not labeled

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1029/2024GC011964
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Microstratigraphic evidence of oceanographic and tectonic controls on hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts in the NW Pacific seamounts

  2023cited by this paper
• Microstratigraphic geochemical characteristics of ferromanganese crust from central pacific: Implication for the role of Fe and Mn in REY enrichment

  2023cited by this paper
• Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation

  2023influential reference
• Chronology and critical metals enrichment mechanism of ferromanganese nodules from the Parece Vela Basin, Philippine Sea

  2023cited by this paper
• Metallogenesis of Co-rich ferromanganese nodules in the northwestern Pacific: Selective enrichment of metallic elements from seawater

  2022cited by this paper
• Critical metal enrichment in atypical hydrogenetic ferromanganese nodules: A case study in the Central Basin Ridge of the West Philippine Basin

  2022cited by this paper
• Tectonic and climatic controls on sediment transport to the Southeast Indian Ocean during the Eocene: New insights from IODP Site U1514

  2022cited by this paper
• Ferromanganese crusts of the Vietnam margin, central South China Sea: Composition and genesis

  2022cited by this paper
• High resolution benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C records at ODP site 807 over the past 5 Ma, Ontong Java Plateau: Evolution of North Pacific ventilation, Pliocene to Holocene

  2022influential reference
• The Geochemical Features and Genesis of Ferromanganese Deposits from Caiwei Guyot, Northwestern Pacific Ocean

  2022cited by this paper
• Abyssal Manganese Nodule Recording of Global Cooling and Tibetan Plateau Uplift Impacts on Asian Aridification

  2022influential reference
• Geochemical and mineralogical composition of ferromanganese precipitates from the southern Mariana arc: Evaluation, formation, and implications

  2021influential reference
• Geochemical and Molecular Characteristics of Ferromanganese Deposits and Surrounding Sediments in the Mariana Trench: An Implication for the Geochemical Mn Cycle in Sedimentary Environments of the Trench Zone

  2021cited by this paper
• Geographic and Oceanographic Influences on Ferromanganese Crust Composition Along a Pacific Ocean Meridional Transect, 14 N to 14S

  2020cited by this paper
• Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic paleoceanography from north-east Atlantic ferromanganese crust microstratigraphy

  2020cited by this paper
• Deep Pacific storage of respired carbon during the last ice age: Perspectives from bottom water oxygen reconstructions

  2020cited by this paper
• Environmental predictors of deep-sea polymetallic nodule occurrence in the global ocean

  2020cited by this paper
• Evolution of a deep-water ferromanganese nodule in the South China Sea in response to Pacific deep-water circulation and continental weathering during the Plio-Pleistocene

  2020influential reference
• Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Processes Forming Ferromanganese Crusts in the Canary Island Seamounts and Their Influence in the Metal Recovery Rate with Hydrometallurgical Methods

  2019cited by this paper
• The application of Neodymium isotope as a chronostratigraphic tool in North Pacific sediments

  2019cited by this paper
• Tectonic and paleoceanographic conditions during the formation of ferromanganese nodules from the northern South China Sea based on the high-resolution geochemistry, mineralogy and isotopes

  2019cited by this paper
• The geochemistry and formation of ferromanganese oxides on the eastern flank of the Gagua Ridge

  2018cited by this paper
• Mid-Pleistocene climate transition: Characteristic, mechanism and perspective

  2017cited by this paper
• Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment

  2017cited by this paper
• Continuous growth of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts since 17 Myr ago on Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, NW Pacific, at water depths of 800-5500 m

  2017influential reference
• Strategic and rare elements in Cretaceous-Cenozoic cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from seamounts in the Canary Island Seamount Province (northeastern tropical Atlantic)

  2017cited by this paper
• Formation age of the dual structure and environmental change recorded in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from Northwest and Central Pacific seamounts

  2017cited by this paper
• Arctic Deep Water Ferromanganese‐Oxide Deposits Reflect the Unique Characteristics of the Arctic Ocean

  2017cited by this paper
• A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements

  2017cited by this paper
• Controls on the distribution of rare earth elements in deep-sea sediments in the North Atlantic Ocean

  2017cited by this paper
• Late Miocene global cooling and the rise of modern ecosystems

  2016influential reference
• Quaternary magnetic and oxygen isotope stratigraphy in diatom-rich sediments of the southern Gardar Drift (IODP Site U1304, North Atlantic)

  2016cited by this paper
• Controls on ferromanganese crust composition and reconnaissance resource potential, Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean

  2016influential reference
• Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: experimental data and thermodynamic calculations

  2016cited by this paper
• Deep-Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules

  2014cited by this paper
• Thermohaline circulation crisis and impacts during the mid-Pleistocene transition

  2014cited by this paper
• The influence of suboxic diagenesis on the formation of manganese nodules in the Clarion Clipperton nodule belt of the Pacific Ocean

  2014cited by this paper
• Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium

  2014cited by this paper
• The role of deep ocean circulation in setting glacial climates

  2013cited by this paper
• Closure of the Global Overturning Circulation Through the Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans: Schematics and Transports

  2013cited by this paper
• Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources

  2013cited by this paper
• Copper‐nickel‐rich, amalgamated ferromanganese crust‐nodule deposits from Shatsky Rise, NW Pacific

  2012cited by this paper
• Ventilation of the equatorial Atlantic by the equatorial deep jets

  2012cited by this paper
• Late Miocene decoupling of oceanic warmth and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing

  2012influential reference
• Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science

  2011cited by this paper
• The West Mariana Ridge, western Pacific Ocean: Geomorphology and processes from new multibeam data

  2010influential reference
• Pacific ocean circulation based on observation

  2010cited by this paper
• Changes in the Ventilation of the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Tropical North Atlantic

  2010cited by this paper
• Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean

  2009cited by this paper
• Palaeoceanography: Polar twins

  2009influential reference
• Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu‐Bonin arc system, western Pacific

  2008influential reference
• Covariant Glacial-Interglacial Dust Fluxes in the Equatorial Pacific and Antarctica

  2008cited by this paper
• Local structure of Y and Ho in calcite and its relevance to Y fractionation from Ho in partitioning between calcite and aqueous solution

  2008influential reference
• Crystal structure of Ni-sorbed synthetic vernadite: a powder X-ray diffraction study

  2008cited by this paper
• New index of ferromanganese crusts reflecting oceanic environmental oxidation

  2007influential reference
• Disentangling Geomagnetic and Precipitation Signals in an 80-kyr Chinese Loess Record of 10Be

  2007influential reference
• Orbital- and millennial-scale variations in Asian dust transport path to the Japan Sea

  2007influential reference
• Structural model for the biogenic Mn oxide produced by Pseudomonas putida

  2006cited by this paper
• Variations of deep western boundary currents in the Melanesian Basin in the western North Pacific

  2006cited by this paper
• Slow dynamics of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation

  2005influential reference
• A Pliocene‐Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records

  2005cited by this paper
• Late Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in mass accumulation rates of eolian deposits on the central Chine

  2005cited by this paper
• Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation

  2005cited by this paper
• Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate

  2004influential reference
• Uptake of elements from seawater by ferromanganese crusts: solid-phase associations and seawater speciation

  2003cited by this paper
• Export of Weddell Sea deep and bottom water

  2001cited by this paper
• Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present

  2001influential reference
• The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition as documented in the deep South Atlantic Ocean: initiation, interim state and terminal event

  2000cited by this paper
• Bottom‐current deposits in the Miocene–Pliocene Misaki Formation, Izu forearc area, Japan

  1998cited by this paper
• Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater

  1996cited by this paper
• Evolution of the Mariana Convergent Plate Margin System

  1996cited by this paper
• Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciation

  1995cited by this paper
• Variations in the Fine-Scale Composition of a Central Pacific Ferromanganese Crust: Paleoceanographic Implications

  1992cited by this paper
• Distribution patterns of the elements in the ocean: A synthesis

  1991cited by this paper
• Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas, and the Gulf of Bothnia

  1991influential reference
• Microbially mediated cerium oxidation in sea water

  1990cited by this paper
• Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks; influence of provenance and sedimentary processes

  1989cited by this paper
• Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west

  1989influential reference
• Correlation of Co concentration and growth rate — A method for age determination of ferromanganese crusts☆

  1988influential reference
• The continental crust: Its composition and evolution

  1985cited by this paper
• Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas

  1983influential reference
• Geochemical variations of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from different provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their genetic control

  1981cited by this paper
• Vernadite is random-stacked birnessite

  1980cited by this paper
• Rare earth element patterns in manganese nodules and micronodules from northwest Atlantic

  1979cited by this paper
• Rare earth elements in ferromanganese nodules and other marine phases

  1974cited by this paper
• Structural History of the Mariana Island Arc System

  1971cited by this paper

• Nanoscale Microstructure and Microbially Mediated Mineralization Mechanisms of Deep-Sea Cobalt-Rich Crusts

  2026cites this paper