Recent advances in sustainable strategies for development of innovative nanobiocatalysts using immobilized β-glucosidase for industrial applications

Abstract β-glucosidases are a well-characterized, diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes that act on various substrates. They are extensively used in different sectors, including: bioethanol, food, flavor, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. Immobilization improves the operational stability, reusability and catalytic efficiency of β-glucosidase compared to the free enzyme. The nanoscale dimensions, high surface area of the nanomaterial, and strong enzyme-nanosupport interactions prevent denaturation and leaching of β-glucosidase. This boosts enzyme stability, reduces the need for replenishment, and allows for easy recovery and reuse, minimizing enzyme waste and energy consumption in industrial biocatalysis. Nanosupport materials, including: inorganic materials, carbon, biopolymer-based, and magnetic nanoparticles, have gained popularity as immobilization matrices for generating either β-glucosidase immobilization or co-immobilization systems for various applications. The present review focuses on the current trends in immobilization strategies of β-glucosidase for improving operational stability and recyclability of the enzyme. Additionally, this review provides deeper insights into various surface modifications of magnetic and non-magnetic nanosupport matrices employed for immobilization and their impact on the catalytic efficiency of β-glucosidase. Moreover, the review thoroughly investigates the challenges encountered in immobilizing β-glucosidases on various nanosupport matrices. It concludes with insightful remarks that encourage future researchers to conduct studies dedicated to the development of a highly efficient, industrially adapted nanobiocatalytic system to achieve sustainable biotransformation aligning with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): SDG 2 (Sustainable Food System), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Sustainable Industry), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption), and SDG 13 (Climate Action: Reducing Carbon Emissions). Graphical Abstract

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

• Publication date

  2025-07-21

• Fields of study

  Materials Science, Chemistry, Engineering, Environmental Science, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1080/07388551.2025.2517714PMID 40691100
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Microbial β-glucosidases: recent advances and applications.

  2024cited by this paper
• Recent advances in magnetic nanoparticles: Key applications, environmental insights, and future strategies

  2024influential reference
• Biocatalysis as a Green Approach for Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles—Batch and Microflow Process Comparison

  2023cited by this paper
• Screening, cloning, immobilization and application prospects of a novel β-glucosidase from the soil metagenome.

  2023cited by this paper
• Sustainable Immobilization of β-Glucosidase onto Silver Ions and AgNPs-Loaded Acrylic Fabric with Enhanced Stability and Reusability

  2023cited by this paper
• Microbial production and applications of β-glucosidase-A review.

  2023cited by this paper
• The Potential of β-glucosidases for Aroma and Flavor Improvement in the Food Industry

  2023cited by this paper
• Nutraceutical Augmentation of Soybean Products Using Microbial β-Glucosidases

  2023cited by this paper
• Controlling the Adsorption of β-Glucosidase onto Wrinkled SiO2 Nanoparticles To Boost the Yield of Immobilization of an Efficient Biocatalyst

  2023cited by this paper
• Salidroside synthesis via glycosylation by β-D-glucosidase immobilized on chitosan microspheres in deep eutectic solvents

  2023cited by this paper
• Characterization of a New Glucose-Tolerant GH1 β-Glycosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus with Transglycosylation Activity

  2023cited by this paper
• Acrylic modified kraft lignin microspheres as novel support for immobilization of laccase from M. thermophila expressed in A. oryzae (Novozym® 51003) and application in degradation of anthraquinone textile dyes

  2023cited by this paper
• An effective immobilization of β-glucosidases by partly cross-linking enzyme aggregates

  2022cited by this paper
• Glycosidase activated prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy.

  2022cited by this paper
• Reusability of immobilized β-glucosidase on sodium alginate-coated magnetic nanoparticles and high productivity applications

  2022cited by this paper
• Adsorption and immobilization of β-glucosidase from Thermoascus aurantiacus on macroporous cryogel by hydrophobic interaction

  2022cited by this paper
• Study on the Biochemical Characterization and Selectivity of Three β-Glucosidases From Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC15703

  2022cited by this paper
• Recent advances of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNMs) for wastewater treatment: Synthesis and application.

  2022cited by this paper
• Immobilization of Laccase on Hybrid Super-Structured Nanomaterials for the Decolorization of Phenolic Dyes

  2022cited by this paper
• Magnetic nanoparticles prepared in natural deep eutectic solvent for enzyme immobilisation

  2021cited by this paper
• Current perspective on production and applications of microbial cellulases: a review

  2021cited by this paper
• Expression of a β-glucosidase from Trichoderma reesei in Escherichia coli using a synthetic optimized gene and stability improvements by immobilization using magnetite nano-support.

  2021cited by this paper
• Recent progress of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications: A review

  2021cited by this paper
• Polymers as Versatile Players in the Stabilization, Capping, and Design of Inorganic Nanostructures

  2021cited by this paper
• Review on Recent Progress in Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Diverse Applications

  2021cited by this paper
• Construction of Multienzyme Co-immobilized Hybrid Nanoflowers for an Efficient Conversion of Cellulose into Glucose in a Cascade Reaction.

  2021influential reference
• Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Protein Immobilization

  2021cited by this paper
• Highly enhanced activity and stability via affinity induced immobilization β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger onto amino-based silica for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1.

  2021cited by this paper
• Structural basis for transglycosylation in glycoside hydrolase family GH116 glycosynthases.

  2021cited by this paper
• Smart chemistry of enzyme immobilization using various support matrices - A review.

  2021cited by this paper
• Magnetically recyclable catalytic nanoparticles grafted with Bacillus subtilis β-glucosidase for efficient cellobiose hydrolysis.

  2020influential reference
• Fast, inexpensive purification of β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger and improved catalytic/physicochemical properties upon the enzyme immobilization: Possible broad prospects for industrial applications

  2020cited by this paper
• Covalent Immobilization of β-Glucosidase into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles from Anhydrous Acetone Enhances Its Catalytic Performance

  2020cited by this paper
• Tyrosinase-mediated dopamine polymerization modified magnetic alginate beads for dual-enzymes encapsulation: Preparation, performance and application.

  2020cited by this paper
• Immobilization of β-Glucosidase from Thermatoga maritima on Chitin-functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle via a Novel Thermostable Chitin-binding Domain

  2020cited by this paper
• Organosolv lignin/Fe3O4 nanoparticles applied as a β-glucosidase immobilization support and adsorbent for textile dye removal

  2020cited by this paper
• PEG modification enhances the in vivo stability of bioactive proteins immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles

  2020cited by this paper
• Magnetically Directed Enzyme/Prodrug Prostate Cancer Therapy Based on β-Glucosidase/Amygdalin

  2020cited by this paper
• Highly active enzymes immobilized in large pore colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles

  2019cited by this paper
• CLEAs, Combi-CLEAs and ‘Smart’ Magnetic CLEAs: Biocatalysis in a Bio-Based Economy

  2019cited by this paper
• Influence of Metal Ions on the Immobilization of β-Glucosidase Through Protein-Inorganic Hybrids

  2019cited by this paper
• The effect of pore morphology on the catalytic performance of β-glucosidase immobilized into mesoporous silica

  2019cited by this paper
• Enzymatic Conversion of Oleuropein to Hydroxytyrosol Using Immobilized β-Glucosidase on Porous Carbon Cuboids

  2019cited by this paper
• Peptide-Mediated Immobilization on Magnetoferritin for Enzyme Recycling

  2019cited by this paper
• Green construction of recyclable amino-tannic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles: application for β-glucosidase immobilization.

  2019cited by this paper
• Immobilization of β-Glucosidase by Self-catalysis and Compared to Crosslinking with Glutaraldehyde.

  2019cited by this paper
• Facile and green fabrication of biocatalytic chitosan beads by one-step genipin-mediated β-glucosidase immobilization for production of bioactive genistein

  2019influential reference
• Immobilization of a β-glucosidase and an endoglucanase in ferromagnetic nanoparticles: A study of synergistic effects.

  2019cited by this paper
• Hybrid Nanomaterials of Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide as Matrices for the Immobilization of β-Glucosidase: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biocatalytic Properties

  2018cited by this paper
• Development of co-immobilized tri-enzyme biocatalytic system for one-pot pretreatment of four different perennial lignocellulosic biomass and evaluation of their bioethanol production potential.

  2018cited by this paper
• Immobilization of β -Glucosidase BglC on Decanedioic Acid-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles

  2018cited by this paper
• A general overview of support materials for enzyme immobilization: Characteristics, properties, practical utility

  2018cited by this paper
• The development and evaluation of β-glucosidase immobilized magnetic nanoparticles as recoverable biocatalysts

  2018cited by this paper
• A Simple Method for Beta-glucosidase Immobilization and Its Application in Soybean Isoflavone Glycosides Hydrolysis

  2018cited by this paper
• Improved enzymatic performance of graphene‐immobilized β‐glucosidase A in the presence of glucose‐6‐phosphate

  2018cited by this paper
• Nanoimmobilization of β-glucosidase onto hydroxyapatite.

  2018cited by this paper
• Improving Whole-Cell Biocatalysis by Addition of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

  2017cited by this paper
• Preparation and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Mg(OH)2/Lignin Hybrid Material and Its Use as a Functional Filler for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

  2017cited by this paper
• Recent Advances of Graphene-based Hybrids with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

  2017cited by this paper
• Synchronized purification and immobilization of his-tagged β-glucosidase via Fe3O4/PMG core/shell magnetic nanoparticles

  2017cited by this paper
• Preparation, activity and structure of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) with nanoparticle.

  2017cited by this paper
• One pot three-component reaction for covalent immobilization of enzymes: application of immobilized lipases for kinetic resolution of rac-ibuprofen

  2016cited by this paper
• A simple process for lignin nanoparticle preparation

  2016cited by this paper
• Secretory expression, characterization and docking study of glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase from B. subtilis.

  2016cited by this paper
• Comparative analysis of three hyperthermophilic GH1 and GH3 family members with industrial potential.

  2015cited by this paper
• Stoichiometrically Controlled Immobilization of Multiple Enzymes on Magnetic Nanoparticles by the Magnetosome Display System for Efficient Cellulose Hydrolysis.

  2015influential reference
• Catalytic properties, functional attributes and industrial applications of β-glucosidases

  2015cited by this paper
• Immobilization of β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger on κ-carrageenan hybrid matrix and its application on the production of reducing sugar from macroalgae cellulosic residue.

  2015cited by this paper
• Enhanced soluble expression of a thermostble β-glucosidase from Thermotoga maritima in Escherichia coli and its applicaton in immobilization

  2015cited by this paper
• Efficient magnetic recycling of covalently attached enzymes on carbon-coated metallic nanomagnets.

  2014cited by this paper
• Glutaraldehyde in bio-catalysts design: a useful crosslinker and a versatile tool in enzyme immobilization

  2014cited by this paper
• Enhancing catalytic performance of β-glucosidase via immobilization on metal ions chelated magnetic nanoparticles.

  2014cited by this paper
• The multilayer nanoparticles formed by layer by layer approach for cancer-targeting therapy.

  2013cited by this paper
• Optimal immobilization of β-glucosidase into chitosan beads using response surface methodology

  2013cited by this paper
• Enzyme immobilisation in biocatalysis: why, what and how.

  2013cited by this paper
• Hydrolysis of isoflavone glycoside by immobilization of β-glucosidase on a chitosan-carbon in two-phase system.

  2013cited by this paper
• Magnetic tumor targeting of β-glucosidase immobilized iron oxide nanoparticles

  2013cited by this paper
• Magnetic nanoparticles

  2013cited by this paper
• Assembly of graphene oxide-enzyme conjugates through hydrophobic interaction.

  2012cited by this paper
• Perspective of Recent Progress in Immobilization of Enzymes

  2011cited by this paper
• Cancer theranostics: the rise of targeted magnetic nanoparticles.

  2011cited by this paper
• Endothelial delivery of antioxidant enzymes loaded into non-polymeric magnetic nanoparticles.

  2010cited by this paper
• β-Glucosidases

  2010cited by this paper
• The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for Glycogenomics

  2008cited by this paper
• Thermal inactivation and reactivity of beta-glucosidase immobilized on chitosan-clay composite.

  2008cited by this paper
• Iron oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle for MRI monitored magnetic targeting of brain tumors.

  2008cited by this paper
• Immobilized metal ion affinity systems for recovery and structure function studies of proteins at molecular, supramolecular and the cellular levels

  2008cited by this paper
• The rise of graphene.

  2007cited by this paper
• Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications

  2007cited by this paper
• α-Glucosidases

  2004cited by this paper
• Gaucher disease: perspectives on a prototype lysosomal disease

  2002cited by this paper
• Immobilized enzymes: crystals or carriers?

  1999cited by this paper
• Cellulase activity of soils

  1994cited by this paper
• Immobilization of Aspergillus beta-glucosidase on chitosan

  1978cited by this paper

• Nano-bio synergistic fermentation for nutrient valorization of agro-residues and environmental sustainability

  2026cites this paper