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Degrading Waterscapes and Decaying Diversities: Assessing Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequences on Simulated Diversity Patterns Across European Freshwater Ecoregions

David Cunillera‐Montcusí,A. Borthagaray,Jordi Bou,Matías Arim

Published 2025 in Global Ecology and Biogeography

ABSTRACT

Aquatic landscapes face severe threats from human activities propelling their deterioration. Waterscape degradation represents a main driver of the current diversity crisis, but its large‐scale consequences for ecoregions are difficult to quantify. Here we provide a framework to assess the potential impact of waterscape degradation by simulating diversity decay of European ecoregions. Through this approach, we aim to identify regional sensitivity patterns to degradation and its large‐scale determinants.Europe.From 1984 until 2019.Freshwater organisms with aerial or terrestrial dispersal capacity.We reconstructed the European waterscape based on satellite data and explored its connection with diversity using metacommunity models. Subsequently, we generated a gradient of dispersal abilities and of waterscape degradation by systematically removing a percentage of habitat and estimating gamma diversity for each level. We synthesised the diversity decay patterns in two parameters: the proportional decay rate and the collapsing rate, which respectively inform about the speed of diversity loss and its acceleration as waterscape degradation progresses.We observed major differences in the potential response to waterscape degradation across regions. Connectivity and water cover emerged as primary descriptors of diversity decay, with ecoregions that have more heterogeneous waterscapes being the most resistant to degradation.Our study provides a first insight to a needed information: the large‐scale consequences of waterscape degradation for biodiversity. This contribution focuses on the role that waterscape configuration plays in sustaining diversity and how it may differently decay with global change. Furthermore, the theoretical perspective developed herein paves the way to include further mechanisms and/or spatial changes at other scales. Our approach can improve conservation by considering large‐scale features. Thus, the present results enhance our understanding of waterscape degradation consequences to freshwater diversity and set the background for breaking current conservation halts using novel perspectives.

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