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Enhanced Rabi Splitting of Exciton‐Polaritons and Plasmon‐Polaritons in Lithium Niobate Metasurface

A. Berhe,A. A. Odebowale,K. Koshelev,H. Hattori,A. E. Miroshnichenko

Published 2025 in Laser & Photonics Reviews

ABSTRACT

In this study, an ultrathin, sub‐wavelength lithium niobate (LN) metasurface capable of inducing sensitive Fano‐shaped photonic resonance, facilitating strong coupling with transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers and plasmonic metamaterials, is designed. By adjusting the Q‐factor of the tunable photonic resonance, a controllable coupling strength due to strong field confinement within the metasurface is achieved. The findings show that the maximum Rabi splitting occurs when the molybdenium disulfide (MoS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) monolayers are positioned at the peak of the nanostructure's electric field, with thinner and narrower air gaps further enhancing the coupling strength. This results in significant Rabi splitting values of 52.76 meV for LN‐ MoS2${\rm MoS}_2$ , 40.35 meV for LN‐ WSe2${\rm WSe}_2$ , and 36.46 meV for LN‐ MoSe2${\rm MoSe}_2$ . Furthermore, by tuning the size of the LN metasurface in Ag‐LN and Au‐LN hybrid nanostructures, anticrossing behavior of the plasmon‐polariton hybrid states with Rabi splittings of 300.33 and 272.28 meV, respectively, is observed. These exciton‐polariton and plasmon‐polariton states are analyzed using Hopfield coefficients, calculated via a coupled oscillator model. The results indicate non‐vanishing Rabi splitting for LN metasurface–TMDC monolayers and metallic–LN metasurface nanostructures, which can be experimentally verified. This research can significantly impact the development of practical polariton devices at room temperature, including enhanced harmonic generation, ultralow‐threshold polariton lasers, compact and high‐speed modulators, and other miniaturized optoelectronic devices.

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