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Investigation of Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance through Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multi-Group Latent Class Analysis

Fatma Coşkun,H. D. Gülleroğlu

Published 2025 in Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This study aims to examine cross-cultural measurement invariance using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) and multi-group latent class analysis (MG-LCA). Design/Methodology/Approach: For this purpose, data obtained from the 'Students Like Learning Mathematics Scale' in the TIMSS 2019 study were used. The sample of the research was determined using the maximum variation sampling method. Measurement invariance analyses were conducted on 15 comparison groups formed by Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, Norway, Turkey, and South Africa. Findings: The MG-CFA results showed that strict measurement invariance was achieved only between Singapore-Hong Kong and Hong Kong-Norway. Between South Africa and Turkey, measurement invariance was observed at the level of structural invariance, while in other groups, it was achieved at the level of metric invariance. According to the MG-LCA results, measurement invariance was established at the partially homogeneous model level for some groups and at the heterogeneous model level for others. Highlights: In MG-LCA, it was determined that for the cross-cultural comparisons where measurement invariance was achieved at the partially homogeneous model level, measurement invariance was largely achieved at the metric invariance level according to MG-CFA. The MG-CFA and MG-LCA approaches address measurement invariance from different perspectives. MG-CFA is a sample- and data-oriented approach, whereas MG-LCA is a person-centered approach. Using these two methods together provides more comprehensive insights into why measurement invariance could not be achieved.

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