Next-Generation Insights into Parkinson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review with Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Frontiers

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neuro degenerative disorder of the dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra, which causes the lack of motor dysfunction and various non-motor symptoms. Here, the review not only uncovers an essential review of the pathogenesis of PD, but complex pathogenesis includes an α-synuclein cluster, mitochondrial and lysosomal abnormalities, neuroinflammatory response, and gut-brain axis. It also talks about the issue of making a diagnosis and that clinical manifestations are heterogeneous. The standard treatment is symptomatic, and levodopa treatment methods are the core, although they have long-term side effects. New treatments, such as pilot gene therapy, immunotherapy and mitochondrial-targeted agents, provide hope in changing the disease. Individualized care and diagnosis is rechanging with advances in precision medicine, neuroimaging, and biomarkers. The issue of physical exercise, multidisciplinary applications, and inclusions of digital health tools were mentioned as crucial elements of PD management. Research with more and more innovation is essential to coming up with therapies that changing the course of the disease and enhancing quality of life of PD patients.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  International Journal of Environmental Science

• Publication date

  2025-10-03

• Fields of study

  Not labeled

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.64252/xk6s4t10
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Non-motor Symptoms and Treatments in Parkinson's Disease.

  2025cited by this paper
• [Emerging disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease].

  2025cited by this paper
• [Parkinson's disease].

  2022cited by this paper
• The microbiome–gut–brain axis in Parkinson disease — from basic research to the clinic

  2022cited by this paper
• Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment

  2021cited by this paper
• New markers in Parkinson's disease.

  2020cited by this paper
• Faculty Opinions recommendation of Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson Disease With and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial.

  2020cited by this paper
• Triggers, Facilitators, and Aggravators: Redefining Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis.

  2019cited by this paper
• Determinants of dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson's disease

  2018cited by this paper
• Targeting the Gut-Brain axis in Parkinson's disease

  2017cited by this paper
• Non-motor features of Parkinson disease

  2017cited by this paper
• Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease

  2017cited by this paper
• The gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis?

  2017cited by this paper
• Personalized medicine in Parkinson's disease: Time to be precise

  2017cited by this paper
• Therapeutic approaches to target alpha-synuclein pathology.

  2017cited by this paper
• Nilotinib Effects in Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies

  2016cited by this paper
• Emerging therapies for Parkinson's disease.

  2012cited by this paper
• Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease

  2012cited by this paper
• Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

  2012cited by this paper
• Parkinson's disease: The quintessential neuropsychiatric disorder

  2011cited by this paper
• Biomarkers for Parkinson's disease

  2009cited by this paper
• Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

  2009cited by this paper
• Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management.

  2006cited by this paper
• Parkinson's disease is a neuropsychiatric disorder.

  2003cited by this paper
• Management of Advanced Parkinson's Disease

  1999cited by this paper

• No citing papers are available for this paper.