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Waterlogging adaptation in the rice weed Panicum bisulcatum: Morpho-anatomical, physiological, and molecular strategies from submerged to emersed stages.

Mengjie Liu,Xiaoyue Yu,Yongjie Yang,Hu He,Jinqiu Sun,Mengwei Wang,Wei Tang

Published 2025 in Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB

ABSTRACT

The rice weed Panicum bisulcatum poses a significant challenge to rice cultivation due to its remarkable acclimatization to waterlogged paddy environments. This study comprehensively elucidates its morpho-anatomical, physiological, and molecular adaptations during the crucial transition from submerged emergence to emersed seedling stages under simulated waterlogged conditions (2-cm water depth). We dynamically monitored seedling growth and development across four stages (WT3D, WT7D, WT9D, and WT11D). Detailed analyses were conducted on chloroplast ultrastructure, hormone content (ACC, GA, ABA), enzyme activity (SOD, POD, ADH, LDH, MDA), and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Our findings reveal that while submergence beyond 2 cm water depth severely hinders emergence, P. bisulcatum employs a sophisticated suite of adaptations. Prior to emergence, seedlings exhibited elevated ACC, GA, and MDA, coupled with increased SOD, ADH, and LDH activities, likely preparing for stress. Ultrastructural analysis showed chloroplast alterations, such as prominent osmiophilic granules and increased starch accumulation, which were partially reversed upon emergence, indicating a recovery capacity. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2899 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), predominantly associated with oxidoreductase activity, polysaccharide catabolic processes, and hydrolase activity. Crucially, key genes related to antioxidant defense (SOD) and anaerobic respiration (ADH, LDH), along with cell wall remodeling (XET), showed significant up-regulation, underpinning the observed physiological resilience. These integrated findings highlight the complex interplay of mechanisms enabling P. bisulcatum to thrive under waterlogging, providing vital knowledge for developing targeted weed management strategies in rice agriculture.

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