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Aluminum Toxicity in the Flag Tetra Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Teleostei:Characidae) at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations in the Amazon Region

Yure Jefferson Do Nascimento,Danilo Serrão Moutinho,Amanda Julião da Silva,Halisson Matheus Farias do Nascimento,Erika Monteiro,Leandro Machado de Carvalho,Irina Sofia Cardoso de Carvalho,Lílian Lund Amado

Published 2025 in Ecotoxicology and Environmental contamination

ABSTRACT

Aluminum (Al) is a metal that occurs naturally in the Amazon region in high concentrations, which may increase due to the effects of mining. As it is a pro-oxidant and generates oxidative stress, we investigated biochemical biomarkers in the gills, liver and muscle of the native fish Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus after exposure to different concentrations of Al (0.5 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L) in an acidic medium (pH = 5) for 96 hours. Biomarkers such as total antioxidant capacity and glutathione S-transferase activity showed no significant differences in the organs studied. The liver showed a uniform response, with no change in lipid peroxidation levels (LPO). In the gills, fish exposed to 1 mg/L showed a decrease in LPO and a subsequent increase at 10 mg/L, indicating metal toxicity at the highest concentration and an induction of antioxidant defenses at 1 mg/L. In muscle, exposure to 1 mg/L induced an increase in LPO. However, in the group exposed to 10 mg/L, the fish stabilized the damage level. We conclude that H. heterorhabdus is tolerant to acidity and the environmental concentration (0.5 mg/L) and suffers oxidative stress at higher concentrations, but with different responses for each tissue analyzed.

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