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Attitude toward animals in school aged children: A systematic literature review of influencing factors and educational strategies (2010–2025)

Risa Juliadilla,Maisyaroh,Tutut Chusniyah,Rahmanda Wulandari

Published 2025 in Multidisciplinary Reviews

ABSTRACT

This systematic literature review investigates the attitudes of elementary school children (aged 6–12) toward animals, focusing on key influencing factors and educational strategies implemented between 2010 and 2025. Following a rigorous screening and critical appraisal process, 27 scientific articles were analyzed via a thematic approach. The findings reveal five primary themes shaping children’s attitudes: (1) animal preference, (2) pet ownership, (3) gender differences, (4) the physical environment and access to nature, and (5) educational interventions. Children tend to favor animals that are perceived as attractive and familiar while displaying negative attitudes toward those deemed dangerous or repulsive. Pet ownership and direct interactions with animals correlate with heightened empathy and more favorable dispositions. Notably, girls demonstrate greater empathy and moral concern toward animals than boys do. The living environment, whether urban or rural, affects exposure to local fauna, although its direct impact on attitudes remains inconsistent. Effective educational interventions integrate scientific knowledge with emotional engagement, incorporating concepts such as animal sentience and children’s belief in the mental and emotional capacities of animals (Child-BAM). While many programs yield positive outcomes, gaps persist in longitudinal research, cross-cultural representation (particularly beyond WEIRD populations), and robust theoretical foundations. Future studies should employ mixed-method designs, account for moderator or mediator variables, and develop contextually grounded, sustainable interventions. In summary, cultivating positive attitudes toward animals during early childhood not only advances animal welfare but also fosters a generation characterized by greater empathy, environmental awareness, and ecological justice.

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