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A Data-Driven Comparative Analysis of Password and Biometric Authentication Systems

Sheetal

Published 2025 in International Journal for Sciences and Technology

ABSTRACT

User authentication is a fundamental component of cybersecurity. Traditional password-based systems have long been the standard for verifying identity in digital environments, but increasing threats such as phishing, brute-force attacks, and password reuse have exposed their vulnerabilities. Biometric authentication using unique physiological or behavioural characteristics like fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans has emerged as a promising alternative. This paper presents a comparative study between password and biometric authentication systems focusing on their security, usability, reliability, and performance. A data-driven analysis using secondary data and user-based experiments highlights the differences in accuracy, authentication time, and user satisfaction. Results show that biometric systems outperform password authentication in terms of security and user convenience but face challenges related to privacy, cost, and environmental reliability. The paper concludes that hybrid models combining biometrics and passwords can balance usability and security for modern applications.

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