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The effects of core stability training on swimming performance in youth swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Shunfang Liu,Jinming Dai,Pengpeng Gou,Menglong Lin

Published 2025 in BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of core stability training, a key component of physical conditioning, on swimming performance remains a topic of debate. This study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the overall effect of core stability training on swimming performance and to examine the moderating effects of gender, stroke type, and training dose. A total of 16 controlled trials (n = 438) were identified through a systematic search of eight electronic databases and additional sources, following PRISMA guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. The standardized mean difference was used to pool effect sizes under a random-effects model. After excluding two studies that contributed substantial heterogeneity, core stability training demonstrated a moderate and statistically significant effect on swimming performance (SMD = -0.71, 95% CI: -0.91 to -0.51, p < 0.00001), with low residual heterogeneity (I2 = 21%). Subgroup analyses indicated that core stability training was most effective for the 50 m sprint and backstroke events. The most effective training parameters included an 8-week intervention, ≤ 3 sessions per week, and session durations of > 30 to ≤ 60 min. Additionally, male swimmers showed slightly greater improvements than female swimmers. In conclusion, core stability training appears effective in enhancing short-distance swimming performance. However, training programs should be tailored to stroke-specific biomechanics, and further studies involving adult populations and long-term interventions are needed to confirm its sustained benefits.

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