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Genetic Structure of the Rocky Intertidal Stalked Barnacle Capitulum mitella Across the Northwest Pacific and Southeast Asia: Influences of Pleistocene Climate Changes and Contemporary Oceanographic Regimes

A. Shahdadi,Ling Ming Tsang,Benny Kwok Kan Chan

Published 2025 in Integrative Organismal Biology

ABSTRACT

Synopsis Capitulum mitella, the intertidal stalked barnacle, is a common commercial seafood throughout East Asia. This study investigates the phylogeography of this species across the South China Sea and northwestern Pacific using the mitochondrial COX1 marker. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three distinct clades: (1) the NW Pacific and SE Asian clade, distributed from Vietnam, mainland China to northern Japan; (2) the South clade, found in eastern Malaysia and the Philippines; and (3) the Ryukyu clade, concentrated in Okinawa and sparsely to the Philippines. These clades likely diverged during Pleistocene glaciations, originating from different glacial refugia. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses also revealed more recent, shallower divergences within both the NW Pacific and SE Asian clade and the South clade, associated with later glacial cycles. Additionally, the genetic structure of the NW Pacific and SE Asian clade, composed of two partially isolated populations, the Northeastern and the Southwestern populations, probably resulted from thermal and salinity selections, as well as climate effects of the LGM. The NW Pacific and SE Asian clade and the South clade do not overlap in distribution within the South China Sea. In contrast, the Ryukyu clade co-occurs with the South clade in the Philippines and with the NW Pacific and SE Asian clade in Okinawa, likely facilitated by the Kuroshio Current. The broad latitudinal range of the NW Pacific and SE Asian clade (10°N to 40°N) suggests it is an eurythermal lineage capable of thriving across a wide range of temperatures. 龜足(Capitulum mitella), 是遍及東亞的潮間帶藤壺, 它也是常見的海產。本研究利用粒線體COX1標記, 探討龜足在南海與西北太平洋的親緣地理結構。分子系統分析顯示三個明顯分支群:1) 西北太平洋與東南亞分支群, 分布自越南、中國大陸至日本北部;2) 南方分支群, 見於東馬來西亞與菲律賓;3) 琉球分支群, 集中分布於沖繩並零星擴散至菲律賓。這些分支群可能源自更新世冰河時期不同冰川避難所的分化。親緣地理與族群動態分析進一步揭示, 在西北太平洋與東南亞支系及南方分支群內部, 存在與較晚冰期循環相關、分化程度 較淺的近緣分支。此外, 西北太平洋與東南亞分支群由東北與西南兩個部分隔離族群組成, 其遺傳結構可能源自溫度與鹽度的區隔, 以及末次盛冰期的氣候效應。西北太平洋與東南亞支系與南方支系在南海範圍內無分布重疊, 而琉球分支群在菲律賓與南方分支群共存, 在沖繩則與西北太平洋與東南亞分支群共域, 此現象可能受黑潮影響。西北太平洋與東南亞分支群橫跨10°N至40°N的廣泛緯度範圍, 顯示其為廣溫性演化支, 能適應跨溫帶至亞熱帶的寬廣溫度區間。

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