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NMR and GC-MS based metabolic profiling, total phenolic content, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and In-silico antiviral activity of Origanum ramonense plant

Ayindrila Dutta,Inas Al-Younis,Rashed I. Manassra,Sami A. Makharza,Fuad Al-Rimawi,Mutaz Akkawi,Khalid Sawalha,Salim Sioud,Abeer A. Sharfalddin,Mariusz Jaremko,Abdul-Hamid M. Emwas

Published 2025 in Scientific Reports

ABSTRACT

Origanum ramonense is a rare and underexplored aromatic (Lamiaceae family) native to the Mediterranean region, but despite its prospects as a medicinal plant, there is a shortage of spectrometry based metabolic profiling of this plant. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out a detailed investigation of the metabolic profile of Origanum ramonense extracts using multiple solvents (methanol, methanol/water, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane/methanol, and hot water) of varying polarity, and further assess its bioactive potential. Using analytical tools such as NMR and GC/MS, we identified functional groups of plant metabolites and further employed multiple assays such as DPPH (antioxidant activity) and the Folin–Ciocalteu method to understand the plant’s bioactivity. The extracts were found to be rich with polyphenolic compounds (17.8–107.2 mg Gallic acid per gram extract) and had strong antioxidant activity (IC50 5.8–128.5). The promising bioactivity was validated not only by results for in-vitro anticancer and (MCF-7 and HeLa cells) antibacterial tests (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae) but also in-silco molecular docking further showed the potential of antiviral activity of the extracted metabolites against SARS-CoV. These findings highlight O. ramonense as a valuable source of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, underscoring the need for further research into its medicinal properties.

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