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Experimental investigation of Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ nanoparticle additives in diesel-cottonseed biodiesel (CSOME) blends for performance and emission mitigation in a CI engine

Debas Dessie,Eyob Sisay Yeshanew,Ramesh Babu Nallamothu,G. Gashaw

Published 2025 in Scientific Reports

ABSTRACT

Diesel fuel is widely used, but environmental pollution and the limited availability of petroleum have raised concerns, prompting the search for cleaner alternatives. Biodiesel–diesel blends are considered eco-friendly options, and adding nanoparticles such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and cerium oxide (CeO₂) can further improve engine performance and reduce emissions. This study tested a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine using pure diesel (B0), a 20% cottonseed biodiesel–diesel blend (B20), and B20 with 50 ppm Al₂O₃, 50 ppm CeO₂, and a combination of both nanoparticles. The biodiesel was prepared via transesterification and fuel properties, including density, viscosity, flash points, and calorific value, were measured. Engine tests showed that the combined Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ blend achieved the highest brake power of 3.56 kW at 3600 rpm and a brake torque of 8.6 N·m at 2400 rpm, while the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.258 kg/kW·h was recorded for this blend, indicating improved fuel efficiency. Emissions were significantly reduced: CO decreased to 6.7%, 11.2%, 9.7%, and 23.2%; CO₂ to 4.6%, 8.1%, 8.8%, and 14.8%; and hydrocarbon emissions to 5.9%, 10.2%, 8.1%, and 18.5% for B20, B20 + Al₂O₃, B20 + CeO₂, and B20 + Al₂O₃ + CeO₂, respectively. Oxygen concentration in the exhaust reached 17.97%, demonstrating more complete combustion. Overall, the B20 blend containing both Al₂O₃ and CeO₂ nanoparticles provided the best engine performance, fuel efficiency, and emission reduction, confirming its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional diesel fuel.

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