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Prevalence of trace proteinuria and co-factors in workers in Taiwan: A cross-sectional study

Po-Yu Lai,Ssu-Wen Chen,Chien-Hung Kuo,K. Chang

Published 2025 in Tungs' Medical Journal

ABSTRACT

The impact of microalbuminuria on human health remains controversial, and relevant research is relatively scarce. In particular, the literature on the prevalence of microalbuminuria among workers remains lacking. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of microalbuminuria among workers in Taiwan. In 2017, 35,832 adult workers underwent routine health examinations at a regional hospital in Taiwan. During the evaluation, 1257 menstruating females were excluded from the study owing to the potential influence of menstruation on urine protein levels. Additionally, blood and urine test results were obtained. Urine tests were performed using an Arkray urine dipstick and a urine analyzer. Overall, 8204 (68.2%) female workers tested negative (−) for protein (<10 mg/dL); 3254 (27.0%), 518 (4.3%), and 59 (0.5%) had trace proteinuria (±) (10–29 mg/dL), proteinuria (+) (30–99 mg/dL), and mass proteinuria (≥++) (≥100 mg/dL), respectively. Among the male workers, 15,104 (67.1%) tested negative (−) for urine protein (<10 mg/dL), 6414 (28.5%) demonstrated trace proteinuria (±) (10–29 mg/dL), 893 (4.0%) exhibited proteinuria (+) (30–99 mg/dL), and 129 (0.6%) presented with massive proteinuria (≥++) (≥100 mg/dL). National screening programs for proteinuria among workers could enable early detection and prompt intervention, potentially reducing the burden of chronic kidney disease and its associated comorbidities. However, individuals with negative and trace proteinuria frequently demonstrate minimal clinical differences. Therefore, while workers with trace proteinuria are recommended to adopt dietary and lifestyle modifications for managing metabolic risk factors, they may also be reassured that their health status is comparable to that of individuals without proteinuria. Nonetheless, to clarify the long-term prognostic significance of trace proteinuria, further longitudinal studies are warranted.

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