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Facile synthesis of ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of some pathogenic microbes: Aspects of the gamma-irradiation effect.

G. El-Sayyad,Sobhy S. Abdel-Fatah,Farag M. Mosallam,A. El-Batal

Published 2026 in Microbial Pathogenesis

ABSTRACT

The present work has produced a successful way to create nanodrug formulations using cost-effective and environmentally friendly techniques. The impact of gamma rays on synthetic methods has been assessed using varying doses of gamma irradiation. To evaluate the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite and ascertain its structure and particle size distribution, we employed several analytical methods, including Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis.) spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)-EDX mapping techniques, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite showed a particle size distribution in the nanometer range at 76.39 ± 1.4. According to the current work, the surface Zeta potential of the produced ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite remains negative at the pH of the synthesis under investigation. Furthermore, the preparation's Zeta potential at a neutral medium (pH 7.2) was -52.39 ± 1.3 mV due to the negative charge of ciprofloxacin. Bacillus subtilis (48.0 mm; zone of inhibition (ZOI) was the most effective target for the synthesized ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite. Other targets included Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus epidermidis (45.0 mm ZOI), Staphylococcus aureus (42.0 mm ZOI), Escherichia coli (40.0 mm ZOI), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.0 mm ZOI), Candida albicans (30.0 mm ZOI), Candida tropicalis (24.0 mm ZOI), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.0 mm ZOI). The result of antibiofilm indicated that, after the exposure to 6.250 μg/mL ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite, the percentage of biofilm inhibition against C. tropicalis was 92.63%, followed by E. cloacae as 88.01%, P. aeruginosa (84.97%), S. epidermidis (84.62%), and B. subtilis (84.55%). In membrane leakage assay as a reaction mechanism determination, the amounts of C. tropicalis, E. cloacae, and S. epidermidis protein eliminated following treatment with ciprofloxacin-bismuth-curcumin nanocomposite are 133.34, 90.34, and 101.23 μg/mL, respectively. The results obtained pave the way for the useful application of the promising nano-drug formulations for fighting pathogenic microbes causing serious problems in biomedical fields.

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