Multimodal clinical parameters-based immune status associated with the prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma presents with three distinct immune phenotypes, including immune-desert, immune-excluded, and immune-inflamed, indicating various treatment responses and prognostic outcomes. The clinical application of multi-omics parameters is still restricted by the expensive and less accessible assays, although they accurately reflect immune status. A comprehensive evaluation framework based on “easy-to-obtain” multi-model clinical parameters is urgently required, incorporating clinical features to establish baseline patient profiles and disease staging; routine blood tests assessing systemic metabolic and functional status; immune cell subsets quantifying subcluster dynamics; imaging features delineating tumor morphology, spatial configuration, and perilesional anatomical relationships; immunohistochemical markers positioning qualitative and quantitative detection of tumor antigens from the cellular and molecular level. This integrated phenomic approach aims to improve prognostic stratification and clinical decision-making in hepatocellular carcinoma management conveniently and practically.

• Publication year

  2026

• Venue

  World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

• Publication date

  2026-01-15

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.4251/wjgo.v18.i1.112896PMID 41607766PMCID 12836179
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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