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Novel positive interactions between invasive species: Widespread mammals disperse a non‐native woody species

M. J. Aranda,Francisco Guerra Aldazabal,M. Piazza,L. I. Perez

Published 2026 in Journal of Applied Ecology

ABSTRACT

Novel ecosystems often emerge from the co‐occurrence of species with no shared evolutionary history, leading to unique and potentially synergistic interactions. Positive interactions between non‐native species can be crucial for successful invasions. In this study, we investigate the novel interaction between two invasive mammals ( Axis axis and Sus scrofa ) and their role as dispersers of the invasive tree species Gleditsia triacanthos . We assessed this dispersal mechanism at a local scale in Entre Ríos, Argentina, by faeces sampling. We analysed the seed content in faeces and performed germination experiments to compare them to non‐consumed seeds. Additionally, using global occurrence data, we mapped the co‐occurrence of both mammal species with G. triacanthos to identify regions of potential synergistic interactions. We estimated a density of 1917 faeces per hectare for A. axis and 267 for S. scrofa . Of the faeces sampled, 56% of A. axis and 37% of S. scrofa faeces contained at least one G. triacanthos seed. The average number of seeds per faeces was 6.8 for deer and 2 for wild boar. Germination experiments confirmed the germination capacity of seeds consumed by both mammals. Global co‐occurrence analysis revealed widespread spatial overlap, with stronger co‐occurrence between G. triacanthos and S. scrofa . Synthesis and applications . Our study provides empirical evidence that management plans should adopt an integrated approach. The movement of invasive animals significantly influences propagule pressure and, given their broad distribution and widespread use of the landscape, merely reducing plant density is insufficient. These animals ensure the dispersal of the few invasive plants that may remain. Therefore, management strategies should not only focus on controlling plant density but also on regulating animal populations, especially those that facilitate the spread of non‐native species. Such integrated management is crucial for preventing the reinforcement of invasive dynamics and improving long‐term control efforts.

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