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Ethnobotanical use, phytochemical profile and pharmacological properties of Euphorbia hirta L.: A systematic review

Issaya Mbwale*, Raphael Mgohamwende

Published 2025 in International Journal of Biosciences

ABSTRACT

Medicinal plants are referred to as the ‘gift of nature’ due to their rich bioactive compounds that serve as alternative treatments for various diseases. The global reliance on herbal medicine has steadily increased, particularly in developing countries, with an estimated 60% of the global population depending on herbal remedies for healthcare. The World Health Organization reports that 80% of people in developing regions rely on plant-based treatments. Among these plants, Euphorbia hirta (E. hirta) is widely recognized for its broad therapeutic potential, having been used in traditional medicine for respiratory conditions, skin disorders, digestive issues, urinary tract infections. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, contributing to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-asthmatic properties. Recent research has elucidated the molecular mechanisms behind these effects, including modulation of oxidative stress, inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, and interaction with key cellular pathways like NF-kB and MAPK. Despite its therapeutic promise, concerns over its potential toxicity, particularly in high doses, warrant caution. Adverse effects, such as skin irritation and gastrointestinal discomfort, have been reported, emphasizing the need for further research to determine safe dosage levels and to validate its clinical efficacy. This review highlights the multifaceted pharmacological benefits of E. hirta, while underscoring the importance of continued investigation into its safety and therapeutic applications, particularly for integration into modern medical practices.

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