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Effects of estradiol, tamoxifen, and raloxifene on human temporal lobe cortex astroglial cell spreading.

I. Silva,Frederick Naftolin,Vinicius Oliveira Santana,A. Williamson,Ahmed Fadiel,Dennis D. Spencer,Howard J Li

Published 2026 in Gynecological Endocrinology

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Astrocytes, once regarded as passive support cells, are recognized as active regulators of synaptic organization and neuronal integration. Through extension or retraction of their processes, astrocytes influence synapse formation and elimination. Astrocytes express estrogen receptors, and animal studies have shown that estradiol modifies astrocytic morphology in relation to synaptic density. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of estradiol and two clinically available selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen, and raloxifene on astrocyte processes in human brain tissue. METHODS Human temporal lobe cortical slices were incubated for 60 min with estradiol (10 nM), tamoxifen (1.0 µM), or raloxifene (1.0 µM), and the results were compared with untreated control slices. Astrocytes were visualized by immunostaining for the glial cytoskeletal marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Light microscopy image analysis was used to quantify astrocytic process thickness and branching, using Neurolucida® software. RESULTS Control slices exhibited astrocytic branch extension and thinning during the incubation period. Similar morphological changes were observed in the tamoxifen-treated slices. In contrast, raloxifene treatment was associated with a significant reduction in astrocyte branching and thinning compared with controls (p = 0.01 for primary processes). Estradiol treatment resulted in intermediate reductions in astroglial process measures that did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Estradiol, tamoxifen, and raloxifene - widely used hormonal agents - were associated with distinct effects on astrocyte morphology in human cortical tissue. These findings support a role for estrogen receptor modulation in astroglial structural regulation and suggest a potential cellular mechanism contributing to central nervous system symptoms reported in clinical settings.

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