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Vulnerability in Coastal Territory: An Integrated Analysis of Erosion in Tourist Beach, Case Study San Lorenzo, Santa Elena, Ecuador

Jenny Escandón-Panchana,G. Andrade-García,Eddy Sanclemente Ordoñez,Raúl Villao Vera,Paulo Escandón-Panchana

Published 2026 in Coastal Management

ABSTRACT

Abstract The coastal environment is a dynamic high-energy system characterized by waves, wind, climate variability, and geomorphological conditions. This system plays a key role in tourism, economic activities, and local socio-political development. However, many coastal zones are increasingly affected by erosion driven by both natural processes and human interventions, with climate change intensifying shoreline retreat and the vulnerability of communities and coastal ecosystems. This study examines the incidence and vulnerability associated with erosion along the coastal profile of San Lorenzo, Santa Elena, Ecuador. The assessment integrates beach profile measurements, satellite imagery, and shoreline change analysis to support sustainable coastal management and mitigation strategies. The methodology consisted of: (1) compiling information on erosive processes, (2) analysis of population’s perceptions in the sector, (3) establishing beach profiles, (4) evaluating shoreline retreat using satellite images and statistical methods, and (5) formulating coastal management strategies and adaptation measures. Results indicate progressive shoreline retreat at San Lorenzo beach during 2004–2024, with an average retreat rate of 1.6–2 cm/year, reflecting a sustained erosive trend along the coastal profile. Coastal vulnerability levels range from moderate to high across most of the beach, particularly in the estuary transect, where wave exposure, sediment loss, and coastal occupation converge. Based on statistical modeling, the study projects continued shoreline retreat by 2030, with an estimated 81% probability of erosion under the analyzed hydrometeorological conditions. The integrated methodological approach demonstrates the value of combining geospatial analysis, statistical modeling, and social information to identify priority areas and support evidence-based coastal management. The implementation of coordinated management strategies, continuous monitoring, and stakeholder participation is therefore essential to enhance coastal resilience and ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism-dependent coastal systems.

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