Personalized Combination Therapy in Bladder Cancer: cAMP Modulators Synergize with 5-FU and Modulate Redox Programs.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Repurposed cAMP-elevating agents may personalize fluoropyrimidine therapy by exploiting pathway-specific vulnerabilities. METHODS We tested the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone and the β2-agonist terbutaline alone or combined with 10 μM 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in UM-UC-5 (bladder), A549 (lung), and PC-3 (prostate) cells. Viability, migration, clonogenicity, and intracellular ROS (DCFDA) were measured; drug interactions used Chou-Talalay/CompuSyn. RESULTS In UM-UC-5, both agents reduced viability, migration, and clonogenicity and synergized with 5-FU (CI < 1 across Fa ≈ 0.42-0.57). 5-FU increased ROS, whereas terbutaline consistently lowered ROS below baseline and blunted 5-FU-induced oxidative signals; milrinone showed a dose-dependent redox profile without consistent ROS suppression. A549 combinations did not outperform 5-FU; PC-3 was largely unresponsive. CONCLUSIONS cAMP modulators selectively potentiate 5-FU in bladder cancer cells and modulate redox programs (notably with terbutaline), supporting a biomarker-guided combination strategy (e.g., β2-AR/PDE3/PI3K-Akt features) for personalized therapy in bladder cancer; mechanistic and in vivo validation are warranted.

• Publication year

  2026

• Venue

  Cancers

• Publication date

  2026-02-09

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/cancers18040562PMID 41749816PMCID PMC12938384
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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