. As a crucial economic hub and ecologically sensitive region along China ’ s eastern coastline, Hangzhou Bay significantly influences regional carbon cycling and climate change through its wetland methane (CH 4 ) emissions. Our comprehensive study (2019-2024) based on static chamber methods and field measurements, revealed that CH 4 transport processes in these wetlands exhibit marked spatial heterogeneity and seasonal variation, with an annual mean flux ranging from 12.4 ± 6.1 to 13.9 ± 6.3 mg.m⁻².h⁻¹ . Vegetation-specific measurements showed that Spartina alterniflora communities emitted the highest CH 4 levels (18.1 ± 7.2 mg.m⁻².h⁻¹ ), followed by Phragmites australis stands (14.3 ± 5.5 mg.m⁻².h⁻¹ ), while bare mudflats demonstrated minimal emissions (3.4 ± 1.8 mg.m⁻².h⁻¹ ), with distinct seasonal patterns (summer > autumn > spring > winter). Our integrated analysis of transport mechanisms, environmental controls, microbial communities, and anthropogenic influences identified plant-mediated transport as the dominant pathway (63.2%), with ebullition (35.4%) and diffusion playing secondary roles. Notably, coastal reclamation has progressively shifted emission hotspots toward the bay mouth, while water temperature (R² = 0.63), soil organic carbon content (R² = 0.52), and vegetation biomass (R² = 0.47) were established as the primary drivers of CH 4 dynamics. These findings provide essential scientific foundations for wetland carbon management in the Yangtze River Delta, while offering valuable regional insights for global assessments of coastal wetland CH 4 emissions.
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2026
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Applied Ecology and Environmental Research
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