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Basic techniques for transgenesis.

I. Wilmut,A. J. Clark

Published 2019 in Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement

ABSTRACT

A major change in biological research was heralded by the development of methods for the manipulation of the mammalian germ line. The ability to modify genes permits analysis of the control of gene expression and of the role of particular gene products at any period in the life cycle. In addition to advantages for research, there are commercial applications for these new procedures, particularly for farm animals. Two types of germ-line manipulation can be envisaged: gene transfer and gene modification. In the first case a gene (termed a transgene) is added to the genome, whilst in the second an existing gene is modified or destroyed. At present only gene transfer has been achieved in farm animals, but the recent isolation of embryo stem cells from livestock (Notarianni et al., 1990a, b) suggests that gene modification will become possible in these species as it is in mice. This paper will review the presently available methods of gene transfer and their limitations in livestock, before considering the mechanisms that regulate gene expression and the consequences these have for the design of functional transgenes and projects that involve modification to genes.

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