Biomechanics of the sclera and effects on intraocular pressure.

Accumulating evidence indicates that glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), resulting in gradual and progressive permanent loss of vision. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only proven method for preventing and delaying the progression of glaucomatous visual impairment. However, the specific role of IOP in optic nerve injury remains controversial, and little is known about the biomechanical mechanism by which elevated IOP leads to the loss of RGC. Published studies suggest that the biomechanical properties of the sclera and scleral lamina cribrosa determine the biomechanical changes of optic nerve head, and play an important role in the pathologic process of loss of RGC and optic nerve damage. This review focuses on the current understanding of biomechanics of sclera in glaucoma and provides an overview of the possible interactions between the sclera and IOP. Treatments and interventions aimed at the sclera are also discussed.

• Publication year

  2016

• Venue

  International Journal of Ophthalmology

• Publication date

  2016-12-18

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Engineering

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.18240/ijo.2016.12.21PMID 28003987PMCID PMC5155000
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Finite element simulation for the mechanical characterization of soft biological materials by atomic force microscopy.

  2016cited by this paper
• A porohyperelastic finite element model of the eye: the influence of stiffness and permeability on intraocular pressure and optic nerve head biomechanics

  2016cited by this paper
• Evaluation of Glaucoma Progression in Large-Scale Clinical Data: The Japanese Archive of Multicentral Databases in Glaucoma (JAMDIG).

  2016cited by this paper
• Collagen structure and mechanical properties of the human sclera: analysis for the effects of age.

  2015cited by this paper
• Collagen microstructural factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics.

  2015cited by this paper
• The Connective Tissue Components of Optic Nerve Head Cupping in Monkey Experimental Glaucoma Part 1: Global Change.

  2015cited by this paper
• Glaucoma-related Changes in the Mechanical Properties and Collagen Micro-architecture of the Human Sclera

  2015cited by this paper
• The Biomechanical Determinants of Concussion: Finite Element Simulations to Investigate Tissue-Level Predictors of Injury During Sporting Impacts to the Unprotected Head.

  2015cited by this paper
• The effects of glycosaminoglycan degradation on the mechanical behavior of the posterior porcine sclera.

  2015cited by this paper
• Optic nerve head biomechanics in aging and disease.

  2015cited by this paper
• An inverse method to determine the mechanical properties of the iris in vivo

  2014cited by this paper
• Scleral birefringence as measured by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and ocular biometric parameters of human eyes in vivo.

  2014cited by this paper
• Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Magic Angle – Enhanced MRI of Fibrous Microstructures in Sclera and Cornea With and Without Intraocular Pressure Loading

  2014cited by this paper
• A finite element analysis of the retinal hemorrhages accompanied by shaken baby syndrome/abusive head trauma.

  2014cited by this paper
• In vivo assessment of aqueous humor dynamics upon chronic ocular hypertension and hypotensive drug treatment using gadolinium-enhanced MRI.

  2014cited by this paper
• Human scleral structural stiffness increases more rapidly with age in donors of African descent compared to donors of European descent.

  2014cited by this paper
• Experimental scleral cross-linking increases glaucoma damage in a mouse model.

  2014cited by this paper
• The biomechanical determinants of concussion: finite element simulations to investigate brain tissue deformations during sporting impacts to the unprotected head.

  2013cited by this paper
• Biomechanical properties and correlation with collagen solubility profile in the posterior sclera of canine eyes with an ADAMTS10 mutation.

  2013cited by this paper
• Altering the way the optic nerve head responds to intraocular pressure-a potential approach to glaucoma therapy.

  2013cited by this paper
• Biomechanics of the human posterior sclera: age- and glaucoma-related changes measured using inflation testing.

  2012cited by this paper
• Effects of mechanical stimulation on viscoelasticity of rabbit scleral fibroblasts after posterior scleral reinforcement

  2012cited by this paper
• Quantitative mapping of collagen fiber orientation in non-glaucoma and glaucoma posterior human sclerae.

  2012cited by this paper
• In vivo analysis of vectors involved in pupil constriction in Chinese subjects with angle closure.

  2012cited by this paper
• Scleral anisotropy and its effects on the mechanical response of the optic nerve head

  2012cited by this paper
• Biomechanical changes in the sclera of monkey eyes exposed to chronic IOP elevations.

  2011cited by this paper
• Anterior-posterior asymmetry in iris mechanics measured by indentation.

  2011cited by this paper
• Laminar and prelaminar tissue displacement during intraocular pressure elevation in glaucoma patients and healthy controls.

  2011cited by this paper
• Finite element modeling of the human sclera: influence on optic nerve head biomechanics and connections with glaucoma.

  2011cited by this paper
• IOP-induced lamina cribrosa deformation and scleral canal expansion: independent or related?

  2011cited by this paper
• The collagen fibril architecture in the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera predicted by a computational remodeling approach

  2011cited by this paper
• 3D morphometry of the human optic nerve head.

  2010cited by this paper
• Changes in the biomechanical response of the optic nerve head in early experimental glaucoma.

  2010cited by this paper
• Correlation between local stress and strain and lamina cribrosa connective tissue volume fraction in normal monkey eyes.

  2010cited by this paper
• Remodeling of the connective tissue microarchitecture of the lamina cribrosa in early experimental glaucoma.

  2009cited by this paper
• Peripapillary and posterior scleral mechanics--part II: experimental and inverse finite element characterization.

  2009cited by this paper
• Biomechanics of the optic nerve head.

  2009cited by this paper
• Scleral biomechanics in the aging monkey eye.

  2009cited by this paper
• Dynamic material properties of the human sclera.

  2009cited by this paper
• Deformation of the normal monkey optic nerve head connective tissue after acute IOP elevation within 3-D histomorphometric reconstructions.

  2009cited by this paper
• Modeling individual-specific human optic nerve head biomechanics. Part II: influence of material properties

  2009cited by this paper
• Dimensions of the human sclera: Thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length.

  2009cited by this paper
• Interactions between geometry and mechanical properties on the optic nerve head.

  2009cited by this paper
• Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed choline reduction in the visual cortex in an experimental model of chronic glaucoma.

  2009cited by this paper
• Effects of Scleral Stiffness Properties on Optic Nerve Head Biomechanics

  2009cited by this paper
• Mechanical environment of the optic nerve head in glaucoma.

  2008cited by this paper
• Structural factors that mediate scleral stiffness.

  2008cited by this paper
• Evaluation of the retina and optic nerve in a rat model of chronic glaucoma using in vivo manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

  2008cited by this paper
• A nonlinear anisotropic viscoelastic model for the tensile behavior of the corneal stroma.

  2008cited by this paper
• Aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys in response to the kappa opioid agonist bremazocine.

  2007cited by this paper
• 3-D histomorphometry of the normal and early glaucomatous monkey optic nerve head: lamina cribrosa and peripapillary scleral position and thickness.

  2007cited by this paper
• Effects of cyclic mechanical stretch on extracellular matrix synthesis by human scleral fibroblasts.

  2007cited by this paper
• The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020

  2006cited by this paper
• Modelling of orbital deformation using finite-element analysis

  2006cited by this paper
• The effect of changing intraocular pressure on the corneal and scleral curvatures in the fresh porcine eye

  2006cited by this paper
• Scleral biomechanics and glaucoma--a connection?

  2006cited by this paper
• The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage.

  2005cited by this paper
• Effects of Storage Time on the Mechanical Properties of Rabbit Peripapillary Sclera After Enucleation

  2004cited by this paper
• Physiopathologic aspects of scleral stress-strain.

  1969cited by this paper

• Decoding tissue mechanical heterogeneity through the integration of biomechanical imaging and single-cell spatial transcriptomics

  2026cites this paper
• Asymmetric stress distribution on lamina cribrosa in glaucoma patients with high myopia

  2025cites this paper
• Influence of body position and time of day on ocular rhythms

  2025cites this paper
• A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression.

  2024cites this paper
• Opto-mechanical self-adjustment model of the human eye.

  2023cites this paper
• Biomechanics of open-globe injury: a review

  2023cites this paper
• Comparison of Ocular Biomery in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Non-glaucoma in South West Nigeria

  2023cites this paper
• The mechanical theory of glaucoma in terms of prelaminar, laminar, and postlaminar factors

  2023influential citation
• Establishing the Calibration Curve of a Compressive Ophthalmodynamometry Device

  2023cites this paper
• Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Scleral Cross-Linking Using Genipin in the Treatment of Juvenile Guinea Pigs with High Myopia

  2023cites this paper
• Image-based insilico investigation of hemodynamics and biomechanics in healthy and diabetic human retinas.

  2023cites this paper
• An Inverse Method to Determine Mechanical Parameters of Porcine Vitreous Bodies Based on the Indentation Test

  2023cites this paper
• Relationship between Refractive Error and Intraocular Pressure in Children Attending the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital Eye Clinic

  2022cites this paper
• Computational Modeling of Ophthalmic Procedures.

  2022cites this paper
• Changes in Scleral Thickness Following Repeated Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections

  2022cites this paper
• Corneal Hysteresis in Thais and Variation of Corneal Hysteresis in Glaucoma

  2021cites this paper
• The Role of Multimodal Approach in the Assessment of Glaucomatous Damage in High Myopes

  2021cites this paper
• Influence of Ocular Rigidity and Ocular Biomechanics on the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Presbyopia

  2021cites this paper
• Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Glaucoma

  2021cites this paper
• Adduction induces large optic nerve head deformations in subjects with normal-tension glaucoma

  2021cites this paper
• Novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of scleritis

  2021cites this paper
• Effect of biomechanical properties on myopia: a study of new corneal biomechanical parameters

  2020cites this paper
• Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness Measurement in Glaucoma Patients Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

  2020cites this paper
• Alterations in proteome of human sclera associated with primary open-angle glaucoma involve proteins participating in regulation of the extracellular matrix

  2020cites this paper
• Mechanical strain affects collagen metabolism-related gene expression in scleral fibroblasts.

  2020cites this paper
• Effect of chronic topical latanoprost on the sclera and lamina cribrosa of form-deprived myopic Guinea pigs.

  2019cites this paper
• THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF OPTIC NERVE HEAD DEFORMATIONS IN MYOPIA

  2019cites this paper
• Development of a Nanofabricated Sensor for Monitoring Intraocular Pressure via Ocular Tissue Strain

  2019cites this paper
• Understanding the Link between Myopia and Glaucoma- Clues from Intraocular Pressure and Optic Discs

  2019cites this paper
• Efficacy and safety of prostaglandin analogues in primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension patients

  2019cites this paper
• A computational framework to investigate retinal haemodynamics and tissue stress

  2019cites this paper
• EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON THE DEFORMATIONS OF THE HUMAN OPTIC NERVE HEAD BASED ON INDIVIDUAL-SPECIFIC MODELS

  2018cites this paper
• Comparison of therapeutic effects of two CCBs on glaucoma and analysis of their possible mechanisms

  2017cites this paper