A Stable Proteinaceous Structure in the Territory of Inactive X Chromosomes*

Transcriptional inactivation of one copy of the X chromosome in female cells equalizes expression of X-linked genes between males and females. This “dosage compensation” is a multistep process that involves epigenetic modifications of chromatin and is induced by the expression of a large non-coding RNA termed Xist. In contrast to protein-coding mRNA molecules, which are free to diffuse and roam the entire nuclear interior, Xist is locally constrained to the territory of inactive X chromosomes by as yet unclear mechanisms. Recent results have suggested a contribution of scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) in the silencing of X-linked genes, maybe by inducing a local change in nuclear architecture. Here, in vivo mobility experiments demonstrate that SAF-A is a component of a highly stable proteinaceous structure in the territory of inactive X chromosomes, which might act as a platform for immobilizing Xist RNA during the maintenance phase of X inactivation.

• Publication year

  2005

• Venue

  Journal of Biological Chemistry

• Publication date

  2005-01-21

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Materials Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1074/JBC.C400531200PMID 15563465
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• That structure may serve as a platform that immobilizes Xist RNA during the maintenance phase of X inactivation.

  Confidence 0.84

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• In vivo mobility experiments place scaffold attachment factor A within a highly stable proteinaceous structure in the inactive X chromosome territory.

  Confidence 0.95

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

• inactive x chromosome territory

  chromosome territory

  The nuclear domain occupied by the inactive X chromosome in female cells.

  Aliases: inactive X territory, Xi territory, Xi

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• in vivo mobility experiments

  experimental method

  Live-cell mobility measurements used to assess the movement and retention of molecules in the nucleus.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• maintenance phase of x inactivation

  biological process

  The stage after X inactivation has been established when the silent state is preserved.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• proteinaceous structure

  nuclear structure

  A stable protein-based structure present within the inactive X chromosome territory.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• scaffold attachment factor a

  protein

  A scaffold-associated nuclear protein investigated for its role in the inactive X chromosome territory.

  Aliases: SAF-A

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review
• xist rna

  RNA

  The long non-coding RNA expressed from the X chromosome and associated with X inactivation.

  Aliases: Xist

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionB (s683577b42) reviewKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewAK (4715169a40) review

• Arginine Methylation of Scaffold Attachment Factor A by Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Particle-associated PRMT1*

  2004cited by this paper
• A Chromosomal Memory Triggered by Xist Regulates Histone Methylation in X Inactivation

  2004cited by this paper
• Nuclear scaffold/matrix attached region modules linked to a transcription unit are sufficient for replication and maintenance of a mammalian episome.

  2004cited by this paper
• Differential patterns of histone methylation and acetylation distinguish active and repressed alleles at X-linked genes

  2003cited by this paper
• Scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) is concentrated in inactive X chromosome territories through its RGG domain

  2003cited by this paper
• Xist RNA and the mechanism of X chromosome inactivation.

  2002cited by this paper
• An episomally replicating vector binds to the nuclear matrix protein SAF‐A in vivo

  2002cited by this paper
• The intranuclear mobility of messenger RNA binding proteins is ATP dependent and temperature sensitive

  2002cited by this paper
• Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA

  2002cited by this paper
• Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Region Elements Interact with a p300-Scaffold Attachment Factor A Complex and Are Bound by Acetylated Nucleosomes

  2002cited by this paper
• Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation occurs rapidly at the onset of random X chromosome inactivation.

  2002cited by this paper
• Synergism of Xist Rna, DNA Methylation, and Histone Hypoacetylation in Maintaining X Chromosome Inactivation

  2001cited by this paper
• Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X inactivation.

  2001cited by this paper
• SAF-Box, a Conserved Protein Domain That Specifically Recognizes Scaffold Attachment Region DNA

  2000cited by this paper
• Histone macroH2A1 is concentrated in the inactive X chromosome of female mammals

  1998cited by this paper
• Role of the Xist gene in X chromosome choosing.

  1998cited by this paper
• The novel SAR‐binding domain of scaffold attachment factor A (SAF‐A) is a target in apoptotic nuclear breakdown

  1997cited by this paper
• The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is Associated with the RNA-binding Nuclear Matrix Protein hnRNP U*

  1997cited by this paper
• Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation

  1996cited by this paper
• hnRNP proteins and B23 are the major proteins of the internal nuclear matrix of HeLa S3 cells

  1996cited by this paper
• XIST RNA paints the inactive X chromosome at interphase: evidence for a novel RNA involved in nuclear/chromosome structure

  1996cited by this paper
• Purification of two isoforms of hnRNP-U and characterization of their nucleic acid binding activity.

  1994cited by this paper
• Nucleic-acid-binding properties of hnRNP-U/SAF-A, a nuclear-matrix protein which binds DNA and RNA in vivo and in vitro.

  1994cited by this paper
• The inactive X chromosome in female mammals is distinguished by a lack of histone H4 acetylation, a cytogenetic marker for gene expression.

  1993cited by this paper
• Characterization of SAF‐A, a novel nuclear DNA binding protein from HeLa cells with high affinity for nuclear matrix/scaffold attachment DNA elements.

  1992cited by this paper
• The human XIST gene: analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus.

  1992cited by this paper
• Correlations between sex chromatin and sex chromosomes.

  1962cited by this paper
• Correlations between sex chromatin and sex chromosomes.

  1962cited by this paper
• Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 to S8 References and Notes Dynamics of Single Mrnps in Nuclei of Living Cells

  year unknowncited by this paper

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  2025cites this paper
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  2024cites this paper
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• Function and evolution of the long noncoding RNA circuitry orchestrating X‐chromosome inactivation in mammals

  2016cites this paper
• Fitting the Puzzle Pieces: the Bigger Picture of XCI.

  2016cites this paper
• Xist localization and function: new insights from multiple levels

  2015cites this paper
• Divergent actions of long noncoding RNAs on X-chromosome remodelling in mammals and Drosophila achieve the same end result: dosage compensation

  2015cites this paper
• Current view of the potential roles of proteins enriched on the inactive X chromosome.

  2014cites this paper
• Evolutionary origin of chromatin remodeling for dosage compensation: Lessons from epigenetic modifications of X chromosomes in germ cells of Drosophila, C.elegans and Mammals

  2012cites this paper
• Analyse structurale et fonctionnelle de la région des A-repeats de l'ARN Xist impliqué dans l'inactivation du chromosome X dans les mammifères femelles

  2012cites this paper
• X-inactivation: quantitative predictions of protein interactions in the Xist network

  2012cites this paper
• Roles of long, non-coding RNA in chromosome-wide transcription regulation: lessons from two dosage compensation systems.

  2012cites this paper
• Living with two X chromosomes: of mice and women : studies on the initiation mechanisms of X chromosome inactivation in stem cells and mouse models, and the role of RNF12 herein

  2012cites this paper
• Reactivation of the inactive X chromosome in development and reprogramming

  2012cites this paper
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  2012cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
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  2011cites this paper
• eXIST with matrix-associated proteins.

  2011cites this paper
• X chromosome inactivation: A silence that needs to be broken

  2011cites this paper
• RNA-mediated silencing mechanisms in mammalian cells.

  2011cites this paper
• The Trithorax group protein Ash2l and Saf-A are recruited to the inactive X chromosome at the onset of stable X inactivation

  2010cites this paper
• Mechanistic concepts in X inactivation underlying dosage compensation in mammals

  2010cites this paper
• X Chromosome Inactivation and Autoimmunity

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  2010cites this paper
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  2010cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009cites this paper
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  2009influential citation
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  2008cites this paper
• Identification of factors involved in mammalian X chromosome inactivation

  2008cites this paper
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• X chromosome dosage compensation: how mammals keep the balance.

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• Xist function: bridging chromatin and stem cells.

  2007cites this paper
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  2007cites this paper
• A cross-species comparison of X-chromosome inactivation in Eutheria.

  2007cites this paper
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• Dynamics of Human Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1(PRMT1) in Vivo*

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