Immune functions of insect &bgr;GRPs and their potential application

Abstract Insects rely completely on the innate immune system to sense the foreign bodies and to mount the immune responses. Germ‐line encoded pattern recognition receptors play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. Among them, &bgr;‐1,3‐glucan recognition proteins (&bgr;GRPs) and gram‐negative bacteria‐binding proteins (GNBPs) belong to the same pattern recognition receptor family, which can recognize &bgr;‐1,3‐glucans. Typical insect &bgr;GRPs are comprised of a tandem carbohydrate‐binding module in the N‐terminal and a glucanase‐like domain in the C‐terminal. The former can recognize triple‐helical &bgr;‐1,3‐glucans, whereas the latter, which normally lacks the enzymatic activity, can recruit adapter proteins to initiate the protease cascade. According to studies, insect &bgr;GRPs possess at least three types of functions. Firstly, some &bgr;GRPs cooperate with peptidoglycan recognition proteins to recognize the lysine‐type peptidoglycans upstream of the Toll pathway. Secondly, some directly recognize fungal &bgr;‐1,3‐glucans to activate the Toll pathway and melanization. Thirdly, some form the ‘attack complexes’ with other immune effectors to promote the antifungal defenses. The current review will focus on the discovery of insect &bgr;GRPs, functions of some well‐characterized members, structure‐function studies and their potential application. Highlights&bgr;GRPs and GNBPs belong to the same PRR family that mainly exist in insects.The N‐terminal region specifically binds to &bgr;‐1,3‐glucans.&bgr;GRPs/GNBPs activate the Toll pathway and phenoloxidase system.

• Publication year

  2017

• Venue

  Developmental and Comparative Immunology

• Publication date

  2017-12-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.007PMID 29229443
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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